ebook img

Université de Montréal By Ahmed Hachem Department of Immunology and Microbiology Université ... PDF

244 Pages·2012·6.83 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Université de Montréal By Ahmed Hachem Department of Immunology and Microbiology Université ...

Université de Montréal CD40 Signalling in Platelet Function By Ahmed Hachem Department of Immunology and Microbiology Université de Montréal Faculty of Medicine Thesis presented to the faculty of graduate and postdoctoral studies in order to obtain the degree of Doctor in Immunology and Microbiology. August 2012 © Ahmed Hachem Université de Montréal This entitled thesis: CD40 Signalling in Platelet Function Presented By Ahmed Hachem Evaluated By: Dr. Jacque Thibodeau................................................................................ Reporter President Dr. Yahye Merhi......................................................................................... Research Director Dr. Walid Mourad...................................................................................... Research Co-director Dr. Janos Filep............................................................................................ Jury Member Dr. Éric Boilard.......................................................................................... External Examiner Dr. Nathalie Arbour................................................................................... Dean Representative i Résumé Le CD40 est un membre de la famille des récepteurs du facteur de nécrose tumorale ("Tumour necrosis factor", TNF), initialement identifié sur des cellules de carcinome de la vessie. L'interaction du CD40 avec son ligand (CD40L) est d'une importance cruciale pour le développement des cellules B et de la commutation d'isotype au cours de la réponse immunitaire acquise. L'expression du complexe CD40/CD40L était initialement cru d'être limiter aux cellules du système immunitaire, mais aujourd'hui il est bien connu que ce complexe est également exprimé sur les cellules du système circulatoire et vasculaire, et est impliqué dans diverses réactions inflammatoires; de sorte que le CD40L est maintenant considéré comme une molécule thrombo-inflammatoire prédictive des événements cardiovasculaires. Les plaquettes expriment constitutivement le CD40, alors que le CD40L n'est exprimé que suite à leur l'activation. Il est ensuite clivé en sa forme soluble (sCD40L) qui représente la majorité du sCD40L en circulation. Il fut démontré que le sCD40L influence l'activation plaquettaire mais son effet exact sur la fonction plaquettaire, ainsi que les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires sous-jacents à son action demeurent inconnus. Ainsi, ce projet a été entrepris dans le but d’adresser les objectifs spécifiques suivants: 1) évaluer les effets in vitro du sCD40L sur l'activation et l'agrégation plaquettaire; 2) identifier les récepteurs plaquettaires impliqués dans l’action du sCD40L; 3) élucider les voies signalétiques intracellulaires induits par le sCD40L; 4) évaluer les effets du sCD40L sur la formation de thrombus in vivo. Nous avons trouvé que le sCD40L augmente fortement l'activation et l'agrégation des plaquettes en réponse à de faibles concentrations d'agonistes. Les plaquettes humaines traitées avec une forme mutante du sCD40L qui n'interagit pas avec le CD40, et les plaquettes de souris déficientes en CD40 ne furent pas en mesure d'induire de telles réponses, indiquant que le récepteur principal du sCD40L au niveau des plaquettes est le CD40. En plus, nous avons identifié la présence de plusieurs membres de la famille du facteur associé du récepteur du TNF ("TNF receptor-associated factor", TRAF) dans les plaquettes et nous avons montré que seulement le TRAF2 s'associe avec le CD40 suite à la stimulation par le sCD40L. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que le sCD40L agisse sur les plaquettes au repos par l'entremise de deux voies signalétiques distinctes. La première voie implique l'activation de la petite GTPase Rac1 et de sa cible en aval, soit la protéine kinase p38 activée par le mitogène ("p38 mitogen-activated protein ii kinase", p38 MAPK ), menant au changement de forme plaquettaire et à la polymérisation de l'actine; alors que la deuxième voie implique l'activation de la cascade signalétique du NF-kB. Par ailleurs, à la suite d'une lésion artérielle induite par le chlorure de fer, le sCD40L exacerbe la formation de thrombus et l'infiltration leucocytaire au sein du thrombus dans les souris du type sauvage, mais pas chez les souris déficientes en CD40. En conclusion, ce projet a permis d'identifier pour la première fois deux voies signalétiques distinctes en aval du CD40 plaquettaire et a permis d'établir leur implication dans l'activation et l'agrégation plaquettaire en réponse au sCD40L. De manière plus importante, ce projet nous a permis d'établir un lien direct entre les niveaux élevés du sCD40L circulant et la formation de thrombus in vivo, tout en soulignant l'importance du CD40 dans ce processus. Par conséquent, l'axe CD40/CD40L joue un rôle important dans l'activation des plaquettes, les prédisposant à une thrombose accrue en réponse à une lésion vasculaire. Ces résultats peuvent expliquer en partie la corrélation entre les taux circulants élevés du sCD40L et l'incidence des maladies cardiovasculaires. Mots clés: plaquettes ■ thrombose ■ voies signalétiques ■ CD40 ■CD40L iii Abstract CD40 is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, originally identified on human bladder carcinoma cells. Interaction of CD40 with its ligand (CD40L) is of crucial importance for B cell development and immunoglobulin isotype switching during the adaptive immune response. Expression of the CD40/CD40L dyad was initially thought to be restricted to cells of the immune system, but today it is known to be also expressed on cells of the circulatory and vascular systems, and have important implications in various inflammatory reactions, such that CD40L is now regarded as a thrombo-inflammatory molecule and a reliable predictor of cardiovascular events. Platelets constitutively express CD40, whereas CD40L is expressed upon activation and subsequently cleaved into its soluble form (sCD40L), accounting for the majority of circulating sCD40L. Soluble CD40L has been shown to influence platelet activation but its precise effect on platelet function, and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain undefined; hence the purpose of this project. The specific aims of this study are: 1) to evaluate the in vitro effects of sCD40L on platelet activation and aggregation; 2) to determine the receptor(s) on platelets involved in the action of sCD40L; 3) to elucidate the intracellular signalling pathways induced by sCD40L; and 4) to evaluate the in vivo effects of sCD40L on thrombus formation. We have showed that sCD40L strongly enhances activation and aggregation of washed human platelets in response to sub-threshold concentrations of agonists. Human platelets treated with a mutated form of sCD40L that lacks CD40 binding, and platelets from CD40 deficient mice failed to elicit such responses, indicating that CD40 is the major platelet receptor for sCD40L. Moreover, we identified the presence of multiple members of the TNF receptor- associated factor (TRAF) in platelets and showed that only TRAF2 associates with CD40 after sCD40L stimulation. Interestingly, sCD40L primes resting platelets through two distinct signalling pathways. The first pathway involves activation of the small GTPase Rac1 and its downstream target p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, leading to platelet shape change and actin polymerization; whereas the second pathway involves activation of the NF-κB signalling cascade. Furthermore, sCD40L exacerbates thrombus formation and leukocyte infiltration within the thrombus mass in wild-type mice but not in CD40 deficient mice following ferric chloride- induced arterial injury. iv In conclusion, we have identified for the first time two distinct signalling pathways downstream of platelet CD40, and established their implication in platelet activation and aggregation in response to sCD40L. Noticeably, we established a direct link between elevated levels of sCD40L and in vivo thrombus formation, while emphasizing the requirement of CD40 in this process. Therefore, the CD40/CD40L dyad plays an important role in platelet priming that predisposes platelets to enhanced thrombus formation in response to vascular injury. These results may partly explain the correlation between elevated circulating levels of sCD40L and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Key words: platelets ■ thrombosis ■ signal transduction ■ CD40 ■ CD40L v Table of contents Jury members ................................................................................................................................... i Résumé ............................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv Table of contents ............................................................................................................................ vi List of figures .................................................................................................................................. x List of tables ................................................................................................................................. xiii List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................... xiv Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................... xviii Chapter 1: Platelets.................................................................................................................. 1-35 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Origin and structure .................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Platelet receptors and adhesion molecules ................................................................................ 6 1.3.1 Protease activated receptors ......................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Purinergic receptors ...................................................................................................... 8 1.3.3 Thromboxane receptors ................................................................................................ 9 1.3.4 GPIb/IX/V complex.................................................................................................... 10 1.3.5 GPVI ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.6 α β ............................................................................................................................. 13 2 1 1.3.7 α β ............................................................................................................................ 14 IIb 3 1.3.8 P-selectin .................................................................................................................... 17 1.4 Platelet function ...................................................................................................................... 18 1.4.1 Platelet adhesion ......................................................................................................... 19 1.4.2 Platelet activation ....................................................................................................... 21 1.4.3 Platelet secretion ......................................................................................................... 23 1.4.4 Platelet aggregation .................................................................................................... 26 vi 1.5 Pathological role of platelets ................................................................................................... 28 1.5.1 Atherosclerosis ........................................................................................................... 28 1.5.2 Thrombosis ................................................................................................................. 30 1.5.3 Inflammation and immunity ....................................................................................... 33 Chapter 2: The CD40/CD40L Axis ...................................................................................... 36-79 2.1 The CD40/CD40L dyad .......................................................................................................... 37 2.1.1 Structure of CD40....................................................................................................... 37 2.1.2 Structure of CD40L .................................................................................................... 38 2.1.3 CD40/CD40L interactions .......................................................................................... 39 2.1.4 Alternative CD40L receptors ..................................................................................... 41 2.2 Cellular expression and function of the CD40/CD40L dyad .................................................. 43 2.2.1 B lymphocytes ............................................................................................................ 43 2.2.2 T lymphocytes ............................................................................................................ 45 2.2.3 Dendritic cells ............................................................................................................. 46 2.2.4 Monocytes/macrophages ............................................................................................ 47 2.2.5 Neutrophils ................................................................................................................. 47 2.2.6 Platelets....................................................................................................................... 48 2.2.7 Endothelial cells ......................................................................................................... 48 2.2.8 Smooth muscle cells ................................................................................................... 49 2.3 CD40 intracellular signalling .................................................................................................. 51 2.3.1 Structure and function of TRAFs ............................................................................... 52 2.3.1.1 TRAF1 ......................................................................................................... 53 2.3.1.2 TRAF2 ......................................................................................................... 54 2.3.1.3 TRAF3 ......................................................................................................... 55 2.3.1.4 TRAF4 ......................................................................................................... 56 2.3.1.5 TRAF5 ......................................................................................................... 56 2.3.1.6 TRAF6 ......................................................................................................... 57 2.3.1.7 TRAF7 ......................................................................................................... 57 2.3.1.8 JAK3 ............................................................................................................ 58 vii 2.3.2 Structure and function of NF-κB ................................................................................ 58 2.3.2.1 Canonical pathway ...................................................................................... 60 2.3.2.2 Non-canonical pathway ............................................................................... 61 2.3.3 Other CD40 intracellular signalling molecules .......................................................... 62 2.4 Physiological role of the CD40/CD40L axis .......................................................................... 62 2.4.1 Humoral immunity ..................................................................................................... 62 2.4.2 Cell-mediated immunity ............................................................................................. 64 2.4.3 Apoptosis .................................................................................................................... 65 2.5 Pathological role of the CD40/CD40L axis ............................................................................ 65 2.5.1 Autoimmune diseases ................................................................................................. 66 2.5.1.1 Mechanism of action ................................................................................... 66 2.5.1.2 Inflammatory bowel disease ........................................................................ 67 2.5.1.3 Type I diabetes ............................................................................................. 68 2.5.1.4 Thyroiditis ................................................................................................... 69 2.5.1.5 Multiple sclerosis ......................................................................................... 70 2.5.1.6 Systemic lupus erythematosus ..................................................................... 71 2.5.1.7 Rheumatoid arthritis .................................................................................... 72 2.5.2 Cancer ......................................................................................................................... 73 2.5.3 Atherosclerosis ........................................................................................................... 74 2.5.3.1 Plaque initiation ........................................................................................... 75 2.5.3.2 Plaque progression ....................................................................................... 75 2.5.3.3 Plaque instability ......................................................................................... 76 2.5.4 sCD40L as a marker of cardiovascular diseases ........................................................ 78 Chapter 3: The CD40/CD40L Axis in Platelets ................................................................... 80-83 3.1 Differential expression of the CD40/CD40L dyad in platelets ............................................... 81 3.2 Platelet response following CD40 activation .......................................................................... 82 3.3 Platelet CD40L in thrombus formation................................................................................... 82 3.4 Platelet CD40L in endothelial cell activation ......................................................................... 83 viii Hypothesis and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 84 Chapter 4: Scientific Contribution ..................................................................................... 84-140 Background for the first article ..................................................................................................... 86 Authors contributions.................................................................................................................... 87 First article: Enhanced Levels of Soluble CD40 Ligand Exacerbate Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation through a CD40-Dependent Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor- 2/Rac1/p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway ...................................... 88.121 Background for the second article .............................................................................................. 122 Authors contributions.................................................................................................................. 123 Second article: Involvement of nuclear factor κB in platelet CD40 signaling ............................................. 124-141 Discussion............................................................................................................................ 142-151 Conclusion and Future Directions .................................................................................... 152-154 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 155-195 Publications ........................................................................................................................ 196-197 Annex I ................................................................................................................................ 198-201 Annex II ..................................................................................................................................... 202 ix

Description:
Abstract. CD40 is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, originally identified on human bladder carcinoma cells. Interaction of CD40 with its ligand (CD40L) is of crucial importance for B cell development and immunoglobulin isotype switching during the adaptive immune respons
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.