UNIVERSALGRAMMARANDAMERICANSIGNLANGUAGE STUDIES INTHEORETICALPSYCHOLINGUISTICS VOLUME13 ManagingEditors ThomasRoeper,Dept.ofLinguistics,UniversityofMassachusettsatAmherst KennethWexler,Dept.ofBrainandCognitiveScience,MIT,Cambridge,Mass. EditorialBoard RobertBerwick,ArtificalIntelligenceLaboratory,MIT,Cambridge,Mass. ManfredBierwisch,ZentralinstitutfiirSprachwissenscha/t,Akademieder Wissenscha/ten,Berlin MerrillGarrett, UniversityofArizona,Tucson LilaGleitman,SchoolofEducation, UniversityofPennsylvania Mary-LouiseKean,UniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine HowardLasnik,UniversityofConnecticutatStorrs JohnMarshall,Neuropsychology Unit,RadcliffeInfirmary,Oxford DanielOsherson,M.I.T., Cambridge,Mass. YukioOtsu,University,Tokyo EdwinWilliams,PrincetonUniversity Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedattheendofthisvolume. DIANE C. LILLO-MARTIN UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR AND AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE Setting the Null Argument Parameters SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lillo-Martin, Diane C. (Diane Carolyn), 1959- Universal grammar and American sign language: setting the null argument parameters! by Diane C. Ll11o-Martln, p. CII. -- (~udies in theoretical psychol1nguistics v. 13) Revision Df the author's thesis. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-0-7923-1420-2 ISBN 978-94-011-3468-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3468-2 1. American Sign Language--Grammar. 2. Grammar, Comparative and general. I. Title. II. Series. HV2474.L55 1991 419--dc20 91-30859 ISBN 978-0-7923-1420-2 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. To Stephen Thomas Martin and Stephanie Mae Martin TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE xii American Sign Language xii Notation Conventions xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv CHAPTER 1. UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR AND AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE 1 1. Introduction ' 1 1.1 Rationale 1 1.2 Syntax 3 1.3 Acquisition 4 1.4 Summary 6 2. The Theoretical Framework: Government and Binding 7 2.1 General Directions 7 2.2 Principles and Sub-Theories 9 2.2.1 Government Theory 9 2.2.2 Theta-Theory (and the Projection Principle) 11 2.2.3 Binding Theory 13 2.3 Empty Categories 16 2.3.1 The Syntactic Reality ofEmpty Categories 16 2.3.2 Typology ofEmpty Categories 19 2.3.3 Restrictions on Empty Categories 21 3. The Structure ofAmerican Sign Language 23 3.1 Nominal Establishment 24 3.2 Verb Agreement 28 3.3 Is Agreement in ASL Inflection or Cliticization? 32 3.3.1 Morphological Characteristics of Cliticization vs. Inflection 32 3.3.2 Syntactic Distinctions between Inflection and Cliticization 36 3.4 Extraction in ASL 38 4. Language Acquisition 40 4.1 Leamability 40 vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.2 The Acquisition ofASL 41 4.2.1 Early Acquisition 42 4.2.2 Modality Effects 43 No~ ~ CHAPTER 2. NULL ARGUMENTS IN AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE 49 1. Introduction 49 2. Null Pronominal Arguments ofAgreeing Verbs 51 2.1 Overview 51 2.2 pro as a ~ocus-Assigning Pronoun 54 2.3 pro as a Resumptive Pronoun 55 2.4 pro as a Crossover-Evading Resumptive Pronoun 61 2.5 pro as a Binding Condition BPronoun 62 2.6 Pro-Drop Properties 63 3. Some Previous Analyses ofNull Pronouns 66 3.1 Null Subjects as [+anaphor]: Rizzi (1982) 66 3.1.1 Proper Government vs. Identifiability 68 3.1.2 The Separation ofNull Subjects and Inversion Effects 69 3.2 Null Subjects as [+pronominal]: Chomsky (1981, 1982) 70 3.3 Null Pronominal Objects: Rizzi (1986) 71 4. The Null Pronoun Parameters 73 4.1 Licensing and Identification 74 4.2 The Structure ofLicensing Heads 76 4.3 The Place ofMorphological Agreement in the Null Pronoun Parameters 79 5. The Occurrence ofNull Arguments with Non-Agreeing Verbs 80 5.1 Huang's Account ofChinese Null Arguments 82 5.2 A Null Topic Account ofASL Null Arguments ofPlain Verbs 87 5.3 'Genuine' Null Object Pronouns 89 6. Questions for Huang's Account ofChinese 92 6.1 Alternative Accounts ofChinese and Japanese 92 6.1.1 Different Dialects 96 6.1.2 Embedded Topics 98 6.1.3 Null Epithets 99 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX 6.2 Jaeggli and Safrr (1989) 101 7. A Cross-Linguistic Survey ofNull Arguments 105 7.1 Languages with Null Pronominal Subjects Identified by Verb Agreement 106 7.2 Languages with Null Pronominal Non-Subject Arguments Identified by Verb Agreement 109 7.3 Languages with Topic-Identified Null Arguments 110 7.4 Languages with Objectpro Not Identified by AGR III 7.5 Languages with Null Expletives Only 112 8. Setting the Null Argument Parameters 113 8.1 Synopsis ofNull Argument Parameters and Language Typology 113 8.2 Null Arguments in ASL 115 8.3 The Learnability ofNull Arguments 116 Notes 119 CHAPTER 3. ACQUIRING THE CORRECT SETTINGS ON THE NULL ARGUMENT PARAMETERS 122 1. Introduction 122 2. The Acquisition ofNull Argument Structures in ASL: Production 124 2.1 Subjects 124 2.2 Methodology 125 2.3 Results 125 2.4 Discussion 136 3. The Acquisition ofNull Pronoun Structures in ASL: Imitation 137 3.1 Subjects 138 3.2 Methodology 139 3.3 Results 142 3.3.1 Pronoun Deletions 144 3.3.2 Pronoun (NP) Additions 148 3.4 Discussion 151 4. Effects ofthe Acquisition ofMorphology on Syntactic Parameter Setting 152 x TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1 The Acquisition ofASL Verb Agreement Morphology 153 4.2 Verb Agreement and Parameter Setting 156 4.3 Factors Contributing to the Acquisition of Morphology 161 4.4 Cross-Linguistic Predictions 163 5. The Acquisition ofNull and Overt Arguments in Spoken Languages 164 5.1 Introduction 164 5.2 Null Arguments in Early English 165 5.3 The Acquisition ofNull Arguments in Japanese and Chinese 171 5.4 The Acquisition ofNull Arguments in Other Languages 175 5.5 What are the Initial Settings ofthe Null Argument Parameters? 179 6. Performance Accounts ofChildren's Null Subjects 180 6.1 Three Performance-Based Accounts ofEarly Null Subjects 181 6.2 Possible Evidence Against a Performance-Based Account ofEarly Null Subjects 186 7. Conclusion 189 Notes 191 CHAPTER 4. SUMMARY, SUGGESTIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS 193 1. Summary ofResults 193 1.1 Chapter Two 193 1.2 Chapter Three 194 2. Suggestions for an Analysis ofthe Initial Settings 196 3. A Model ofLanguage and Mind 205 3.1 Parameters 205 3.2 Modularity 207 3.3 Conclusion 211 Notes 212 APPENDIX 1: Subjects Involved in Production and Imitation Studies 213 APPENDIX 2: Imitation Task Stimuli 216 TABLE OF CONTENTS Xl REFERENCES 218 INDEX OF NAMES 235 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 238