Constantine Stephanidis Margherita Antona (Eds.) Universal Access in Human-Computer 6 1 5 Interaction 8 S C N Design for All and Accessibility Practice L 8th International Conference, UAHCI 2014 Held as Part of HCI International 2014 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22–27, 2014, Proceedings, Part IV 44 123 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8516 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA AlfredKobsa UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen TUDortmundUniversity,Germany DemetriTerzopoulos UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA GerhardWeikum MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarbruecken,Germany ConstantineStephanidis MargheritaAntona(Eds.) Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction Design forAll andAccessibility Practice 8th International Conference, UAHCI 2014 Held as Part of HCI International 2014 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27, 2014 Proceedings, Part IV 1 3 VolumeEditors ConstantineStephanidis FoundationforResearchandTechnology-Hellas(FORTH) InstituteofComputerScience N.Plastira100,VassilikaVouton,70013Heraklion,Crete,Greece andUniversityofCrete,DepartmentofComputerScience Heraklion,Crete,Greece E-mail:[email protected] MargheritaAntona FoundationforResearchandTechnology-Hellas(FORTH) InstituteofComputerScience N.Plastira100,VassilikaVouton,70013Heraklion,Crete,Greece E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-319-07508-2 e-ISBN978-3-319-07509-9 DOI10.1007/978-3-319-07509-9 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014939292 LNCSSublibrary:SL3–InformationSystemsandApplication,incl.Internet/Web andHCI ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation, inistcurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsforuse maybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliabletoprosecution undertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. 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Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword The 16th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI International 2014, was held in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, during June 22–27, 2014, incorporating 14 conferences/thematic areas: Thematic areas: (cid:129) Human–Computer Interaction (cid:129) Human Interface and the Management of Information Affiliated conferences: (cid:129) 11th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics (cid:129) 8th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction (cid:129) 6th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (cid:129) 6th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design (cid:129) 6th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (cid:129) 8th International Conference on Augmented Cognition (cid:129) 5th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomicsand Risk Management (cid:129) Third International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability (cid:129) Second International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions (cid:129) SecondInternationalConferenceonHumanAspectsofInformationSecurity, Privacy and Trust (cid:129) First International Conference on HCI in Business (cid:129) First International Conference on Learning and CollaborationTechnologies A total of 4,766 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and governmentalagenciesfrom78countriessubmittedcontributions,and1,476pa- pers and 225 posters were included in the proceedings. These papers address the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design and use of computing systems. The papers thoroughly cover the entire field of human–computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective use of computers in a variety of application areas. Thisvolume,editedbyConstantineStephanidisandMargheritaAnton,con- tains papers focusing on the thematic area of Universal Access in Human- Computer Interaction, addressing the following major topics: (cid:129) Web accessibility (cid:129) Design for all in the built environment VI Foreword (cid:129) Global access infrastructures (cid:129) User experience in Universal Access The remaining volumes of the HCI International 2014 proceedings are: (cid:129) Volume 1, LNCS 8510, Human–Computer Interaction: HCI Theories, Methods and Tools (Part I), edited by Masaaki Kurosu (cid:129) Volume2,LNCS8511,Human–ComputerInteraction:AdvancedInteraction Modalities and Techniques (Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu (cid:129) Volume3,LNCS8512,Human–ComputerInteraction:ApplicationsandSer- vices (Part III), edited by Masaaki Kurosu (cid:129) Volume 4, LNCS 8513, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Design and Development Methods for Universal Access (Part I), edited by Constantine Stephanidis and Margherita Antona (cid:129) Volume 5, LNCS 8514, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Universal Access to Information and Knowledge (Part II), edited by Constantine Stephanidis and Margherita Antona (cid:129) Volume 6, LNCS 8515, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: AgingandAssistiveEnvironments(PartIII),editedbyConstantineStephani- dis and Margherita Antona (cid:129) Volume 8, LNCS 8517, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Theories, Methods and Tools for Designing the User Experience (Part I), edited by Aaron Marcus (cid:129) Volume 9, LNCS 8518, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User Expe- rienceDesignforDiverseInteractionPlatformsandEnvironments(PartII), edited by Aaron Marcus (cid:129) Volume10,LNCS8519,Design,UserExperience,andUsability:UserExpe- rience Design for EverydayLife Applications and Services (PartIII), edited by Aaron Marcus (cid:129) Volume 11, LNCS 8520, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User Experience Design Practice (Part IV), edited by Aaron Marcus (cid:129) Volume 12, LNCS 8521, Human Interface and the Management of Informa- tion: Informationand KnowledgeDesign and Evaluation(PartI), edited by Sakae Yamamoto (cid:129) Volume 13, LNCS 8522, Human Interface and the Management of Infor- mation: Information and Knowledge in Applications and Services (Part II), edited by Sakae Yamamoto (cid:129) Volume14,LNCS8523,LearningandCollaborationTechnologies:Designing and Developing Novel Learning Experiences (Part I), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou (cid:129) Volume 15, LNCS 8524, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Technology-rich Environments for Learning and Collaboration (Part II), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou (cid:129) Volume 16, LNCS 8525, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Designing and Developing Virtual and Augmented Environments (Part I), edited by Randall Shumaker and Stephanie Lackey Foreword VII (cid:129) Volume 17, LNCS 8526, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Applica- tions of Virtual and Augmented Reality (Part II), edited by Randall Shumaker and Stephanie Lackey (cid:129) Volume 18, LNCS 8527, HCI in Business, edited by Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah (cid:129) Volume 19, LNCS 8528, Cross-Cultural Design, edited by P.L. Patrick Rau (cid:129) Volume20,LNCS8529,DigitalHumanModelingandApplicationsinHealth, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management, edited by Vincent G. Duffy (cid:129) Volume 21, LNCS 8530, Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions, edited by Norbert Streitz and Panos Markopoulos (cid:129) Volume 22, LNCS 8531, Social Computing and Social Media, edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz (cid:129) Volume 23, LNAI 8532,EngineeringPsychologyand Cognitive Ergonomics, edited by Don Harris (cid:129) Volume 24, LNCS 8533, Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy and Trust, edited by Theo Tryfonas and Ioannis Askoxylakis (cid:129) Volume 25, LNAI 8534, Foundations of Augmented Cognition, edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis (cid:129) Volume 26, CCIS434, HCI International2014PostersProceedings(PartI), edited by Constantine Stephanidis (cid:129) Volume27,CCIS435,HCIInternational2014PostersProceedings(PartII), edited by Constantine Stephanidis I would like to thank the Program Chairs and the members of the Program Boards of all affiliated conferences and thematic areas, listed below, for their contribution to the highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2014 Conference. Thisconferencecouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecontinuoussupport and advice of the founding chair and conference scientific advisor, Prof. Gavriel Salvendy, as well as the dedicated work and outstanding efforts of the commu- nications chair and editor of HCI International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem. I would also like to thank for their contribution towards the smooth organi- zation of the HCI International 2014 Conference the members of the Human– Computer Interaction Laboratory of ICS-FORTH, and in particular George Paparoulis, Maria Pitsoulaki, Maria Bouhli, and George Kapnas. April 2014 Constantine Stephanidis General Chair, HCI International 2014 Organization Human–Computer Interaction Program Chair: Masaaki Kurosu, Japan Jose Abdelnour-Nocera, UK Heidi Kr¨omker, Germany Sebastiano Bagnara, Italy Chen Ling, USA Simone Barbosa, Brazil Chang S. Nam, USA Adriana Betiol, Brazil Naoko Okuizumi, Japan Simone Borsci, UK Philippe Palanque, France Henry Duh, Australia Ling Rothrock, USA Xiaowen Fang, USA Naoki Sakakibara, Japan Vicki Hanson, UK Dominique Scapin, France Wonil Hwang, Korea Guangfeng Song, USA Minna Isomursu, Finland Sanjay Tripathi, India Yong Gu Ji, Korea Chui Yin Wong, Malaysia Anirudha Joshi, India Toshiki Yamaoka, Japan Esther Jun, USA Kazuhiko Yamazaki, Japan Kyungdoh Kim, Korea Ryoji Yoshitake, Japan Human Interface and the Management of Information Program Chair: Sakae Yamamoto, Japan Alan Chan, Hong Kong Hiroyuki Miki, Japan Denis A. Coelho, Portugal Shogo Nishida, Japan Linda Elliott, USA Robert Proctor, USA Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Japan Youngho Rhee, Korea Michitaka Hirose, Japan Ryosuke Saga, Japan Makoto Itoh, Japan Katsunori Shimohara, Japan Yen-Yu Kang, Taiwan Kim-Phuong Vu, USA Koji Kimita, Japan Tomio Watanabe, Japan Daiji Kobayashi,Japan X Organization Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics Program Chair: Don Harris, UK Guy Andre Boy, USA Axel Schulte, Germany Shan Fu, P.R. China Siraj Shaikh, UK Hung-Sying Jing, Taiwan Sarah Sharples, UK Wen-Chin Li, Taiwan Anthony Smoker, UK Mark Neerincx, The Netherlands Neville Stanton, UK Jan Noyes, UK Alex Stedmon, UK Paul Salmon, Australia Andrew Thatcher, South Africa Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction Program Chairs: Constantine Stephanidis, Greece, and Margherita Antona, Greece Julio Abascal, Spain Georgios Kouroupetroglou,Greece Gisela Susanne Bahr, USA Patrick Langdon, UK Jo˜ao Barroso,Portugal Barbara Leporini, Italy Margrit Betke, USA Eugene Loos, The Netherlands Anthony Brooks, Denmark Ana Isabel Paraguay,Brazil Christian Bu¨hler, Germany Helen Petrie, UK Stefan Carmien, Spain Michael Pieper, Germany Hua Dong, P.R. China Enrico Pontelli, USA Carlos Duarte, Portugal Jaime Sanchez, Chile Pier Luigi Emiliani, Italy Alberto Sanna, Italy Qin Gao, P.R. China Anthony Savidis, Greece Andrina Grani´c, Croatia Christian Stary, Austria Andreas Holzinger, Austria Hirotada Ueda, Japan Josette Jones, USA Gerhard Weber, Germany Simeon Keates, UK Harald Weber, Germany Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality Program Chairs: Randall Shumaker, USA, and Stephanie Lackey, USA Roland Blach, Germany Hirokazu Kato, Japan Sheryl Brahnam, USA Denis Laurendeau, Canada Juan Cendan, USA Fotis Liarokapis, UK Jessie Chen, USA Michael Macedonia, USA Panagiotis D. Kaklis, UK Gordon Mair, UK Organization XI Jose San Martin, Spain Christopher Stapleton, USA Tabitha Peck, USA Gregory Welch, USA Christian Sandor, Australia Cross-Cultural Design Program Chair: P.L. Patrick Rau, P.R. China Yee-Yin Choong, USA Sheau-Farn Max Liang, Taiwan Paul Fu, USA Katsuhiko Ogawa, Japan Zhiyong Fu, P.R. China Tom Plocher, USA Pin-Chao Liao, P.R. China Huatong Sun, USA Dyi-Yih Michael Lin, Taiwan Emil Tso, P.R. China Rungtai Lin, Taiwan Hsiu-Ping Yueh, Taiwan Ta-Ping (Robert) Lu, Taiwan Liang (Leon) Zeng, USA Liang Ma, P.R. China Jia Zhou, P.R. China Alexander M¨adche, Germany Online Communities and Social Media Program Chair: Gabriele Meiselwitz, USA Leonelo Almeida, Brazil Anthony Norcio, USA Chee Siang Ang, UK Portia Pusey, USA Aneesha Bakharia, Australia Panote Siriaraya, UK Ania Bobrowicz, UK Stefan Stieglitz, Germany James Braman, USA Giovanni Vincenti, USA Farzin Deravi, UK Yuanqiong (Kathy) Wang, USA Carsten Kleiner, Germany June Wei, USA Niki Lambropoulos, Greece Brian Wentz, USA Soo Ling Lim, UK Augmented Cognition Program Chairs: Dylan D. Schmorrow, USA, and Cali M. Fidopiastis, USA Ahmed Abdelkhalek, USA Rosario Cannavo`, Italy Robert Atkinson, USA Joseph Cohn, USA Monique Beaudoin, USA Andrew J. Cowell, USA John Blitch, USA Martha Crosby, USA Alenka Brown, USA Wai-Tat Fu, USA