UNITED STATES AIR FORCE AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION BOARD REPORT C-130J-30 Super Hercules, T/N 04-3144 41st Airlift Squadron 19th Airlift Wing Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas LOCATION: Forward Operating Base Shank, Afghanistan DATE OF ACCIDENT: 19 May 2013 BOARD PRESIDENT: Colonel Michael P. Zick Conducted IAW Air Force Instruction 51-503 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION C-130J-30, T/N 04-3144 Forward Operating Base Shank, Afghanistan 19 May 2013 On 19 May 2013, at approximately 0950 Zulu (1420 local), a C-130J, tail number (T/N) 04- 3144, assigned to the 41st Airlift Squadron, 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base (AFB), Arkansas, ran off the end of a runway at Forward Operating Base (FOB) Shank, Northeast, Afghanistan, struck a ditch which collapsed the nose gear and eventually ripped the right main landing gear from the fuselage. The right outboard engine struck the ground, pressurized fuel and oil lines were broken, fluid was sprayed over the cracked engine casing, and the right wing caught fire. The mishap aircraft (MA) came to a full stop at approximately 544 feet (ft) off the end of the paved runway surface. The mishap crew (MC), Aeromedical Evacuation (AE) crew and two ambulatory patients safely evacuated the aircraft through the top flight-deck emergency escape hatch meeting 600 ft off the nose of the aircraft. There were no fatalities, significant injuries or damage to civilian property. The total estimated loss is $73,990,265. The MA was on an AE mission and included five active duty C-130J crewmembers from the 772nd Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (19th Airlift Wing deployed), Kandahar Air Base (AB), Afghanistan. Additionally, the MA had aboard six reserve AE crewmembers from the 651st Expeditionary Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron (349th Air Mobility Wing and 433rd Airlift Wing deployed), Kandahar AB, Afghanistan. The mishap sortie happened on the third of five planned legs that day to an airfield that was at 6,809 ft Mean Sea Level (MSL) and experiencing winds varying from 200 to 250 degrees gusting from 6 to 28 knots. On the second attempted landing, the MA touched down approximately 1,500 ft down the runway but was 27 knots indicated airspeed (KIAS) faster than computed touchdown landing speed leading to the aircraft going off the end of the runway at approximately 49 KIAS. The Accident Investigation Board (AIB) president found, by clear and convincing evidence, that the causes of the accident were poor Crew Resource Management (CRM) and mishap pilot one’s (MP1) late power reduction causing a 27 KIAS fast touchdown at a high altitude airfield (6,809 ft MSL). Additionally, the AIB President found by the preponderance of evidence that each of the following factors substantially contributed to the mishap: 1) Channelized Attention; 2) Risk Assessment; 3) Delayed Necessary Action; 4) Response Set; 5) Procedural Error. Under 10 U.S.C. § 2254(d) the opinion of the accident investigator as to the cause of, or the factors contributing to, the accident set forth in the accident investigation report, if any, may not be considered as evidence in any civil or criminal proceeding arising from the accident, nor may such information be considered an admission of liability of the United States or by any person referred to in those conclusions or statements. SUMMARY OF FACTS AND STATEMENT OF OPINION C-130J-30, T/N 04-3144 19 May 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... iv SUMMARY OF FACTS ................................................................................................................ 2 1. AUTHORITY AND PURPOSE ...........................................................................................2 a. Authority .........................................................................................................................2 b. Purpose ............................................................................................................................2 2. ACCIDENT SUMMARY .....................................................................................................2 3. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................3 a. Home Units and Organizations .......................................................................................3 (1) AMC ....................................................................................................................... 3 (2) 18 AF ...................................................................................................................... 3 (3) 19 AW .................................................................................................................... 3 (4) 19 OG ..................................................................................................................... 4 (5) 41 AS ...................................................................................................................... 4 b. Deployed Units and Organizations .................................................................................4 (1) USCENTCOM ....................................................................................................... 4 (2) USAFCENT ........................................................................................................... 4 (3) 451 AEW ................................................................................................................ 5 (4) 451 EOG ................................................................................................................. 5 (5) 772 EAS ................................................................................................................. 5 c. C-130J-30 Super Hercules ..............................................................................................5 d. FOB Shank ......................................................................................................................6 4. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS ...................................................................................................6 a. Mission ............................................................................................................................6 b. Planning ..........................................................................................................................7 c. Preflight ...........................................................................................................................7 d. Summary of Accident .....................................................................................................8 e. Impact ............................................................................................................................11 f. Egress and Aircrew Flight Equipment (AFE) ...............................................................12 g. Search and Rescue (SAR) .............................................................................................12 h. Recovery of Remains ....................................................................................................12 5. MAINTENANCE ...............................................................................................................14 a. Forms Documentation ...................................................................................................14 b. Time Compliance Technical Orders .............................................................................14 c. Inspections.....................................................................................................................14 d. Maintenance Procedures ...............................................................................................15 e. Maintenance Personnel and Supervision ......................................................................15 f. Fuel, Hydraulic, and Oil Inspection Analyses ...............................................................15 g. Unscheduled Maintenance ............................................................................................15 C-130J, 04-3144, Class A, 19 May 2013 i 6. AIRFRAME, MISSILE, OR SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEMS ............................................16 a. Condition of the Structures and Systems ......................................................................16 b. Technical Reports and Engineering Evaluation ............................................................16 1. Anti-Skid Control Unit .......................................................................................... 16 2. Wheel Speed Transducers ...................................................................................... 16 3. Brakes .................................................................................................................... 16 4. Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR) ................................................................... 16 c. Testing and Analysis .....................................................................................................17 1. CNIMU - Crew Input TOLD ................................................................................. 17 2. C-130J Weapon System Trainer Simulator ........................................................... 17 a. Test Explanation 17 b. Landing Scenarios 17 1. Scenario 1 17 2. Scenario 2 17 3. Scenario 3 18 4. Scenario 4 18 c. Results 18 7. WEATHER .........................................................................................................................18 a. Forecast Weather ...........................................................................................................18 b. Observed Weather .........................................................................................................18 c. Space Environment .......................................................................................................18 d. Operations .....................................................................................................................19 8. CREW QUALIFICATIONS ...............................................................................................19 a. Mishap Pilot 1 (Left Flight Deck Seat) .........................................................................19 b. Mishap Pilot 2 (Right Flight Deck Seat).......................................................................19 c. Mishap Pilot 3 (Center Flight Deck Seat) .....................................................................19 d. Mishap Loadmaster 1 (Right Aft Paratroop Door) .......................................................20 e. Mishap Loadmaster 2 (Left Aft Paratroop Door) .........................................................20 9. MEDICAL ..........................................................................................................................20 a. Qualifications ................................................................................................................20 b. Health ............................................................................................................................21 c. Pathology.......................................................................................................................21 d. Lifestyle ........................................................................................................................21 e. Crew Rest and Crew Duty Time ...................................................................................21 10. OPERATIONS AND SUPERVISION .............................................................................22 a. Operations .....................................................................................................................22 b. Supervision ...................................................................................................................22 11. HUMAN FACTORS ........................................................................................................22 a. Introduction ...................................................................................................................22 b. Applicable Factors ........................................................................................................23 (1) Channelized Attention .......................................................................................... 23 (2) Risk Assessment – During Operation .................................................................. 23 (3) Necessary Action – Delayed ................................................................................ 24 (4) Response Set ........................................................................................................ 24 (5) Procedural Error ................................................................................................... 25 C-130J, 04-3144, Class A, 19 May 2013 ii 12. GOVERNING DIRECTIVES AND PUBLICATIONS ...................................................26 a. Publically Available Directives and Publications Relevant to the Mishap ...................26 b. Other Directives and Publications Relevant to the Mishap not Publicly Available .....26 13. ADDITIONAL AREAS OF CONCERN .........................................................................26 STATEMENT OF OPINION ....................................................................................................... 27 1. Opinion Summary ...............................................................................................................27 2. Cause ...................................................................................................................................28 3. Substantially Contributing Factors .....................................................................................28 a. Channelized Attention ....................................................................................................28 b. Risk Assessment – During Operation ...........................................................................29 c. Delayed Necessary Action ............................................................................................29 d. Response Set .................................................................................................................29 e. Procedural Error ............................................................................................................30 4. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................30 INDEX OF TABS ......................................................................................................................... 31 C-130J, 04-3144, Class A, 19 May 2013 iii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 16L 16 Left Est. estimated AW Airlift Wing FAE Functional Area Expert 34R 34 Right FAST Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool AB Air Base FCIF Flight Crew Information File AC Alternating Current FDP Flight Duty Period ACAWS Advisory, Caution, and Warning System FF Fuel Flow ADO Assistant Director of Operations FLT Flight AE Aero-Medical Evacuation FLT IDLE Flight Idle AEF Air Expeditionary Force FOB Forward Operating Base AEW Air Expeditionary Wing FPM Feet per Minute AF Air Force FRAG Fragmentary Order AFE Aircrew Flight Equipment ft Feet AFB Air Force Base ft/sec Feet per Second AFE Air Flight Equipment g Gravitational Force AFI Air Force Instruction GMT Greenwich Mean Time AFIP Air Force Institute of Pathology GND IDLE Ground Idle AFPAM Air Force Pamphlet GPS Global Positioning System AFPD Air Force Policy Directive HARAD High Altitude Ramp And Door AFPET Air Force Petroleum Agency HDD Heads-Down Display AFTO Air Force Technical Order HUD Heads-Up Display AGL Above Ground Level IAW In Accordance With AIB Accident Investigation Board IFR Instrument Flight Rules AMC Air Mobility Command IMDS Integrated Maintenance Data System AMD Air Mobility Division inHg Inches of Mercury AMXS Aircraft Maintenance Squadron INTEL Intelligence AOR Area of Responsibility K Thousand AR Arkansas KCAS Knots Calibrated Airspeed AS Airlift Squadron KIAS Knots Indicated Airspeed ATC Air Traffic Control KTAS Knots True Airspeed ATO Air Tasking Order kts Knots BARO Barometer L Local Time C2 Command and Control LIMFAC Limiting Factor Capt Captain LMC Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company CC Commander LRAFB Little Rock Air Force Base CDDAR Crash Damaged/Disabled Aircraft Recovery Lt Col Lieutenant Colonel CDM Climb Dive Marker MA Mishap Aircraft CNIMU Communication Navigation Information MAF Mobility Air Force Management Unit MAJCOM Major Command Col Colonel MC Mishap Crew CRM Cockpit/Crew Risk Management MCD Medical Crew Director CSAR Combat Search and Rescue METAR Meteorological Aerodrome Report CVR Cockpit Voice Recorder MLM Mishap Loadmaster DO Director of Operations MMS Maintenance Management System DoD Department of Defense MP Mishap Pilot DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder MS Mishap Sortie DTADS Data Transfer and Diagnostic System MSL Mean Sea Level EAS Expeditionary Airlift Squadron NAF Numbered Air Force EAMXS Expeditionary Maintenance Squadron NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization EAW Expeditionary Airlift Wing NCO Non-commissioned Officer E-Go Early Go NM Nautical Miles EMS Equipment Maintenance Squadron NOTAMs Notices to Airmen EOG Expeditionary Operations Group NVGs Night Vision Goggles C-130J, 04-3144, Class A, 19 May 2013 iv OAKN Kandahar Air Base SII Special Interest Item OASH Forward Operating Base Shank SOF Supervisor of Flying OASL Forward Operating Base Salerno Sq Squadron OAZI Camp Bastian TACC Tanker Airlift Control Center Obs Observation TAC Tactics OAT Outside Air Temperature TAS True Air Speed OG Operations Group TBA Training Business Area Ops Operations TCO Testing Control Office ORM Operational Risk Management TCTO Time Compliance Technical Order OST Off Station Trainer T.O. Technical Order PA Public Affairs T/N Tail Number Para. Paragraph TOD Tech Order Data PHA Periodic Health Assessment TOLD Takeoff and Landing Data PLF Parachute Landing Fall U.S. United States PR Pre Flight USAF United States Air Force Prop Propeller USAFCENT United States Air Forces Central PIC Pilot In Command USCENTCOM United States Central Command PSI Pounds Per Square Inch VFR Visual Flight Rules QA Quality Assurance VVI Vertical Velocity Indication RPA Remotely Piloted Aircraft WOW Weight on Wheels RTB Return-To-Base WST Weapon Systems Trainer RW Runway Z Zulu SAR Search and Rescue The above list was compiled from the Summary of Facts, the Statement of Opinion, the Index of Tabs, and Witness Testimony. C-130J, 04-3144, Class A, 19 May 2013 v SUMMARY OF FACTS 1. AUTHORITY AND PURPOSE a. Authority On 31 May 2013, Lieutenant General Robert R. Allardice, Vice Commander, Headquarters Air Mobility Command (AMC) appointed Colonel Michael P. Zick to conduct an aircraft accident investigation on the 19 May 2013 crash of an C-130J, tail number (T/N) 04-3144, at Forward Operating Base (FOB) Shank, Afghanistan (Tabs Q-8 and Y-3). The investigation was based at Little Rock AFB from 9 July 2013 through 21 August 2013 and included temporary duty traveling to Afghanistan to interview witnesses and inspect the accident site (Tab Y-4). In addition to Col Zick, the following board members were also appointed to aid in the investigation: a Lieutenant Colonel Medical Member, a Captain Legal Advisor, a Captain Pilot Member, a Senior Master Sergeant Maintenance Member, a Master Sergeant Recorder, and a Staff Sergeant Loadmaster Member (Tab Y-3 and Y-5). Three Functional Area Experts (FAE) were also appointed, whose skills centered around C-130J landing gears, C-130J anti-skid brakes, C-130J propellers, and C-130J Digital Flight Data Recorders (Tab Y-7 thru Y-9). b. Purpose This is a legal investigation convened to inquire into the facts surrounding the aircraft accident, to prepare a publicly-releasable report, and to gather and preserve all available evidence for use in litigation, claims, disciplinary actions, administrative proceedings, and for other purposes (Tab BB-61 thru BB-63). 2. ACCIDENT SUMMARY On 19 May 2013, at approximately 0950 Zulu (1420 local), a C-130J, T/N 04-3144, assigned to the 41st Airlift Squadron, 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas, ran off the end of a runway at FOB Shank, Northeast, Afghanistan, struck a ditch which collapsed the nose gear and eventually ripped the right main landing gear from the fuselage (Tabs N-24, Q-7, Q-8, Y-3 and DD-9). The right outboard engine struck the ground, pressurized fuel and oil lines were broken, fluid was sprayed over the cracked engine casing, and the right wing caught fire (Tab V8.1). The mishap aircraft (MA) came to full stop approximately 544 feet (ft) off the end of the paved runway surface (Tab DD-8, DD-9 and DD-13). The MA was on an AE mission and included five active duty C-130J crewmembers from the 772d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (19th Airlift Wing deployed), Kandahar AB, Afghanistan (Tab K-11 and K-23). Additionally, the MA had aboard six AE crewmembers from the 651st Expeditionary Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron (349th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron), Kandahar AB, Afghanistan (Tabs K-13 and V4.2). There were no fatalities, significant injuries or damage to civilian property. The total estimated loss is $73,990,265 (Tab P-5, P-7 and P-9). C-130J-30, T/N04-3144, 19 May 2013 2 3. BACKGROUND The 19th Airlift Wing (19 AW), located at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas, owned the MA (Tabs Q- 8 and CC-9). The MA was operated by deployed members of the 41st Airlift Squadron (41 AS) (Tab K-23). The 41 AS falls under the 19 AW (Tabs G-6 and CC-11). The 19 AW and its subordinate units report to 18th Air Force (18 AF), which is the numbered air force (NAF) within Air Mobility Command (AMC) (Tab CC-3 and CC-5). While deployed at Kandahar AB, Afghanistan, the 41 AS crewmembers are assigned to the 772nd Expeditionary Airlift Squadron (772 EAS) and fall under the 451st Expeditionary Operations Group (451 EOG), which reports to the 451st Air Expeditionary Wing (451 AEW) (Tab CC-19 and CC-23). The 451 AEW and its subordinate units report to United States Air Forces Central Command (USAFCENT), a component within United States Central Command (USCENTCOM) (Tab CC-15 and CC-17). a. Home Units and Organizations (1) AMC AMC’s mission is “To provide global air mobility ... right effects, right place, right time.” AMC, headquartered at Scott AFB, Illinois, is a major command of the United States Air Force (USAF). AMC provides worldwide cargo and passenger delivery, air refueling and aeromedical evacuation. The command also transports humanitarian supplies to hurricane, flood and earthquake victims both at home and around the world. AMC has one NAF, 17 Wings, two airlift groups and smaller specialized units (Tab CC-3). (2) 18 AF 18 AF’s mission is “Tasking and executing all air mobility missions.” 18 AF, headquartered at Scott AFB, Illinois, is the only NAF assigned to AMC (Tab CC-3). Units reporting to 18 AF include 11 airlift, air mobility and air refueling wings, one airlift group, and the Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC) (Tab CC-3 and CC-5). (3) 19 AW The 19 AW mission is “Mission ready Airmen delivering premiere C-130 airlift and installation excellence.” The 19 AW, at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas, is part of AMC and provides the Department of Defense (DoD) the largest C-130 fleet in the world. As part of AMC's Global Reach capability, the wing's responsibilities range from supplying humanitarian airlift relief to victims of disasters, to airdropping supplies and troops into the heart of contingency operations in hostile areas (Tab CC-7). C-130J-30, T/N04-3144, 19 May 2013 3 (4) 19 OG The 19 OG "Plans, trains, and executes air and space power for operational levels of war." Equipped with the largest C-130 Hercules fleet in the world, the 19 OG provides part of AMC’s Global Reach capability Tab (CC-23). Tasking requirements range from supplying humanitarian airlift relief to victims of disasters, to airdropping supplies and troops into the heart of contingency operations in hostile areas (Tab CC-7). (5) 41 AS The 41 AS mission is "To provide the best tactical airlift to the fight today and to be ready for any conflict tomorrow" (Tab CC-9). The 41 AS is part of the 19 AW at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas, and operates the C-130J aircraft (Tab CC-9 and CC-21). The 41 AS executes a three part mission, supporting the combat mission in Operation Enduring Freedom, executing AMC’s worldwide mobility needs, and maintaining readiness to execute tactical airlift and airdrop missions anytime, anywhere (Tab CC-9). b. Deployed Units and Organizations (1) USCENTCOM United States Central Command’s mission is “With national and international partners, USCENTCOM promotes cooperation among nations, responds to crises, and deters or defeats state and non-state aggression, and supports development and, when necessary, reconstruction in order to establish the conditions for regional security, stability, and prosperity” (Tab CC-11). USCENTCOM is one of nine combatant commands in the United States (U.S.) military and its Area of Responsibility (AOR) covers the central area of the globe and consists of 20 countries (Tab CC-13). (2) USAFCENT United States Air Forces Central Command’s mission is "To project decisive air and space power for United States Central Command (USCENTCOM) and America" (Tab CC-14). USAFCENT is the air component of USCENTCOM, a regional unified command. USAFCENT is responsible for air operations (either unilaterally or in concert) with coalition partners and developing contingency plans in support of national objectives for USCENTCOM’s 20-nation area of responsibility in Southwest Asia. Additionally, USAFCENT manages an extensive supply and equipment prepositioning program at several AOR sites (Tab CC-13). C-130J-30, T/N04-3144, 19 May 2013 4