8 UNIT 400–1650 Renewal in Europe Chapter 17 The Early Middle Ages Chapter 18 The Later Middle Ages Chapter 19 The Renaissance and Reformation 490 6-8_SNLAESE485805_U08O.indd 490 5/9/10 12:12:00 AM What You Will Learn… When the Roman Empire collapsed, Europe lost its center of power, and a new period called the Middle Ages began. During the Middle Ages, Europe was divided into small kingdoms. At the same time, though, the strong infl uence of the Christian church tied most Europeans together. Later, during the Renaissance and Ref- ormation, people changed the way they looked at the world. They developed new ideas about art, politics, and religion, ideas that changed Europe forever. In the next three chapters, you will learn about life during the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Reformation. Explore the Art In this scene, French teenager Joan of Arc carries a religious fl ag as she leads an army into battle during the Middle Ages. What does the scene suggest about the struggles of that period? 491 6-8_SNLAESE485805_U08O.indd 491 5/9/10 12:14:18 AM 17 CHAPTER 400–1200 The Early Middle Ages Essential Question How did life in Europe change after the fall of Rome? What You Will Learn... In this chapter you will learn about the social and economic systems in Europe during a time called the Middle Ages. SECTION 1: Geography of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 The Big Idea Because Europe has many types of landforms and climates, different ways of life have developed there. SECTION 2: Europe after the Fall of Rome . . . . . . . . 500 The Big Idea Despite the efforts of Christians to maintain order, Europe was a dangerous place after the fall of Rome. SECTION 3: Feudalism and Manor Life . . . . . . . . . . . 506 The Big Idea A complex web of duties and obligations governed relationships between people in the Middle Ages. SECTION 4: Feudal Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 The Big Idea Although the feudal systems of Europe and Japan were similar, their cultures were very different. c. 430 Saint Patrick brings FOCUS ON WRITING CHAPTER Christianity EVENTS to Ireland. 400 A Job Advertisement In the 900s nobles needed knights, or warriors, to help protect their property. As you read this chapter, imagine what it would WORLD 476 be like to be one of those nobles. Then you will write a job ad seeking EVENTS Rome falls. knights to help you defend your land. 492 CHAPTER 17 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C17O.indd 492 5/8/10 7:48:47 PM This photo shows Caernarfon Castle in Wales. Built in the late 1200s, the castle showed the king’s power and provided defense from invasions. 800 700s–800s Charlemagne 1066 The Vikings is crowned Feudalism is raid emperor of introduced Europe. much of Europe. into Britain. 600 800 1000 1200 613 794 1000s 1076 Muhammad Heian The Chinese Ghana falls begins becomes invent to Muslim teaching the capital gunpowder. invaders. people of Japan. about Islam. THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 493 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C17O.indd 493 7/13/10 2:52:48 PM Reading Social Studies Science and Economics Geography Politics Society and Religion Technology Culture Focus on Themes In this chapter you will read will learn about the invaders who tried to conquer about Europe during the early Middle Ages. You will the land and see how the feudal system developed. learn how the geography of the land affected growth As you read, you will understand how this feudal and trade and see how the Christian religion spread system shaped the entire society and culture of throughout northern Europe during this time. You the people. Evaluating Sources Focus on Reading As you have already learned, historians study both primary and secondary sources to learn about the past. By studying both types, they can get a better picture of what life was like. Assessing Primary and Secondary Sources However, not all sources are accurate or reliable. You need to be careful when you read historical sources. Checklists like the ones below can help you judge which sources are reliable and worth using in your research. Checklist for Primary Sources Historians in the past were not always careful about ✔ Who is the author? Does he or she seem what they put in their trustworthy? books. Some included rumors, gossip, or hearsay. ✔ Was the author actually present for the event described in the source? The more time that passed ✔ How soon after the event occurred was the between the event and the source written? writing, the greater the chance of errors or distor- ✔ Can the information in the source be veri- tion in the description. fi ed in other primary or secondary sources? Checklist for Secondary Sources Not everyone who writes about history is a good his- torian. Try to use sources ✔ Who is the author? What are his or her by qualifi ed writers. credentials, or qualifi cations for writing? ✔ Where did the author get his or her infor- Good historians will always mation? tell you where they got their information. If infor- ✔ Is the information in the source properly mation isn’t documented, documented? you can’t always trust that it is true or accurate. ✔ Has the author drawn valid conclusions from his or her sources? 494 CHAPTER 17 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C17RS.indd 494 5/9/10 12:02:29 AM Key Terms and People You Try It! Chapter 17 Section 1 The following passage of a primary source can be found in the chap- Eurasia (p. 496) ter you are about to read. As you read this passage, ask yourself what topography (p. 496) you could learn from this source. Section 2 Middle Ages (p. 500) The Benedictine Rule medieval (p. 500) For bedding, a mattress, a blanket, a From Patrick (p. 501) coverlet and a pillow are enough. The beds Chapter monks (p. 502) 17, page monasteries (p. 502) should be frequently inspected by the Abbot 502 Benedict (p. 502) as a precaution against private possessions. If Charlemagne (p. 503) anyone is found to have anything which was not given him by the Abbot, he is to undergo Section 3 the severest punishment; and that this vice knights (p. 506) of personal ownership may be totally elimi- vassal (p. 507) nated, everything necessary should be given feudalism (p. 507) by the Abbot; namely a cowl, a tunic, stock- William the Conqueror (p. 508) ings, shoes, a belt, a knife, a pen, a needle, a manor (p. 509) handkerchief and writing tablets, so that all serfs (p. 509) excuses about necessity are removed. Eleanor of Aquitaine (p. 510) Section 4 chivalry (p. 513) After you read the passage, answer the following questions. haiku (p. 514) 1. The passage you have just read is from a code of rules that monks Academic Vocabulary lived by in the early 500s. If a historian wanted to study how Success in school is related to monks lived at that time, would this be a good source to use? knowing academic vocabulary— Why or why not? the words that are frequently used in school assignments and discus- 2. Where else might a historian look to verify the information found sions. In this chapter, you will learn the following academic words: in this source? role (p. 510) 3. Would this be a good source to study to learn how monks live elements (p. 514) today? Why or why not? As you read Chapter 17, look at the pri- mary sources included in the chapter. Why do you think these sources were chosen to be included? THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 495 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C17RS.indd 495 5/9/10 12:03:54 AM 1 Geography SECTION 2200°°WW 1100°°WW 2200°°EE 3300°°EE 4400°°EE 7700°°NN of Europe ARCTIC U OCEAN U L A RA ASIA W 1.h Tahet pYhoyMusi caWainl fiIeldlae tLuaerseasr onf … YpIolfau iYnr vwOilhlaeUgree wiyso oeun rc taehn et g hbroaewnrk cser oo..pf. sa. rTivheer . rTivheer railvseor ghiaves sc yreoaut ead w aa yfl atot 6600°°NN WWS NIceEEland NorSweeagiaSnCANDINAVIAN PEGulf ofN IBoNthnSia N. Dvina RivePrLAIN L MRiverOUNTAINS ma Europe vary widely from get to the sea and to trade with villages farther inland. You love BBrritish N Ka region to region. Isles ea A 2. GEhuoerwoog ppreae,po ihpnylce lh ulaidvsien s.gh awpheedr eli faen idn yuonucrle v, iltlhaeg eo naen de vtheirnyko nite’s ltohoek sp eurpfe tcot, psalaycse h teo isli vvee. rBy uwt oyroruierd f.a Yvoourirte PENNIN NSoerath Baltic S E U R O P E River Ural River village is in a very dangerous place. 5500°°NN SE N D KEtouBtdvepyreieyoafplfcgo seeTairpsraeaeue ,oprn sdpfmhet . tl y wah4TEs,9n euahp6drry.ee fo4s o.B9p ro6emifg hls iIfa deas en hmdaa avcneliy md ea-tes, rwlBaivnhUedeIrLfrsoeD. r BamINnusdtG, r i hitBvWsoe AwwrhsC ap KwyteeG oerdwRpreolOae o y UlynsivN,lo yeaD duon ndi nMte i htE aosu nfic rntyolhi mpvkeie la pl.ay thAegoyslels— usoic fri apnE ll uu aEferyunoearpodtcuep lrr’esoee lwsf eei stesah rita neuwt r sbeahousfafi—relptc rionititnesge d d ? AAOOTTLLCCAAPEEENNAAIBNTTNNEINIIRCCSIBBAUiaNsLEycEAb ranoo RygfivPleirYshR4 E0C°NhNPEaaMEnrSnoi(1s4enS5,let8,i 7nSB1Rho8en0ael 1Ra rRiCvime dvnrferotic).nrsiaiAcaRhinLPPe RooivIe rTRRNPAiiLvvIeeArrSNO PREDiNvaReAInrNEdluSbrebiTaeti cROH iSdveeerar REiver RRCiVveAirstRuPla PEBANTAHIDLNIAKnSNeA sU MtNrTLS.A RiverDnieper BRlivaecrkA SSeoaIn RAiver CAVolagU(M158C,t,6.5 A4E120lSb mfrUtu.)sS MCCTaaSss.ppiiaann SSeeaa people’s lives. U Balearic LA Islands Tyrrhenian AA Strait of Gibraltar Sea eegg ee aa nn Use the graphic organizer online The Physical Features of Europe Sicily SSeeaa Crete to take notes on the geography of Europe is a small continent, but it is very diverse. Many different three regions of Europe. Mediterranean SSeeaa landforms, water features, and climates can be found there. Although we call Europe a continent, it is actually part of Eurasia , the large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia. Geographers consider the Ural Mountains to be the boundary between the two continents. Landforms and Waterways Look at the map of Europe. You can see that different parts of Europe have very different features. In other words, Europe’s HRW World History wh06ms_c09map003aa topography (tuh-PAH-gruh-fee) varies widely from place to Europe: Physical place. Topography refers to the shape and elevation of land in APPROVED(2) 11/10/04 a region. Mountain ranges cover much of southern Europe. Some peaks in the Alps reach higher than 15,000 feet. The highest mountains have large snowfi elds and glaciers. 496 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C17S1.indd 496 5/21/10 9:02:07 AM Europe: Physical 22220000°°°°WWW 111111000000°°°°°°WWWW 22220000°°°°EEE 33330000°°°°EEE 44440000°°°°EEE 770000°°°°°°°°°°NNN AARRCTIC U OOCCEAN U L A RA ASIA 6600°°NN WWS NIceEEland NorSweeagiaSnCANDEINuArwVIoAhpHNA 0ePR6P:EG ulf WmoPPfN IBhRoNs thWyOnS_iascVoi0cEr9alDdllo LH9co0/i1cs07ta3o/tb0or4yar N. Dvina R ivePrLAIN L mMRiaverOUNTAINS BBrritish N Ka Isles ea A PENNIN NSoerath Baltic S E U R O P E River Ural River 5500°°NN SE N D AAOOTTLLCCAAEENNAATTNNIICCBBiasycE anoygflish ChPaaMnrnoi(1s4enS5,let8,i 7nB18e0l 1Ra im vnfertc). RhinLe RiverNP SORDivaRenrElubebTe ROHidveerr REiver RRCiVveAirstRula PATHDIAnNe s tr RiverDnieper River on River Volag(M158,t,6.5 4E120lb mfrtu.)s CCaassppiiaann PEIBNEINRSIAUNLEAbro RivPerYR4E0°NNEES SRhonaerRiCvedroinrsiaiAca PPooI TRRAiiLvvIeeArrN PENAINdSriatic Sea PEBNAILNKSAUMNTLS.A BlackA SSeaIAA CAUCASUS MTS. SSeeaa U ELEVATION Balearic LA Feet Meters Islands Tyrrhenian AA Strait of Gibraltar Sea eegg 13,120 4,000 eeaa 6,560 2,000 nn SS 1,640 500 Sicily eeaa 656 200 Crete (Sea level) 0 0 (Sea level) GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Below Below Mediterranean SSeeaa sea level sea level 1. Region What four peninsulas do you see labeled? Ice cap 2. Movement How might the Alps have affected the 0 250 500 Miles movement of peoples? 0 250 500 Kilometers North of the Alps, the land is much fl at- The Northern European Plain is also ter than in southern Europe. In fact, most of the location of most of Europe’s major riv- northern Europe is part of the vast North- ers. Many of these rivers begin with melt- ern European Plain. As you can see on the ing snow in the southern mountains and HRW World History HRW World History wh06ms_c09map003aa map, this plain stretches all the way from fl ow out across the plain on their way wh06ms_c09map003aa Europe: Physical Europe: Physical the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ural northward to the sea. APPROVED(2) 11/10/04 Legend Mountains in the east. In the past, this huge If you travel even farther north from the APPROVED(2) 11/10/04 expanse of land was covered with thick for- Northern European Plain, the land starts to ests. Many types of trees grew well in the rise again. Far northern Europe has many plain’s rich, fertile soils. rugged hills and low mountains. THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 497 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C17S1.indd 497 5/21/10 9:03:17 AM Geography and Living Europe’s geography has influenced the development of different ways of life. It has influenced, for example, what crops people have grown and where cities have developed. 3 Norway 2 Germany 1 Farmers have long grown olives and other 1 Italy hardy crops in the drier, warmer areas along the Mediterranean in southern Europe. You can see these hills and mountains Geography Shapes Life in the northern part of the British Isles and As in other parts of the world, geography in Scandinavia, Europe’s largest peninsula. has affected history in Europe. It infl u- Scandinavia is only one of Europe’s many enced where and how people lived. peninsulas. Smaller peninsulas extend into the sea from many parts of Europe. These Southern Europe peninsulas give Europe a very long, jagged In southern Europe, most people lived on coastline. coastal plains or in river valleys where the land was fl at enough to farm. People grew Climate and Vegetation crops like grapes and olives that could Like its landforms, Europe’s climates and survive the region’s dry summers. In the vegetation vary widely from region to mountains where the land was steep or region. For example, southern Europe is rocky, people raised sheep and goats. largely warm and sunny. As a result, shrubs Because southern Europe has many and trees that don’t need a lot of water are peninsulas, people there don’t live far from common there. the sea. As a result, many became traders Most of northwestern Europe, in con- and seafarers. trast, has a mild and cooler, wetter climate. Northern Europe Cold winds from the north and northeast can bring freezing weather in winter. Most people in northern Europe lived far- Freezing weather is much more com- ther from the sea. They still had access mon in Scandinavia, though. That region to the sea, however, through northern is very cold throughout the year. Snow falls Europe’s rivers. Because rivers were an easy for much of the year, and few plants can method of transportation, towns grew up survive the region’s cold climates. along them. Rivers also provided protec- tion. The city of Paris, France, for example, READING CHECK Summarizing How do was built on an island in a river to make Europe’s landforms and climates vary by region? the city hard for raiders to reach. 498 CHAPTER 17 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C17S1.indd 498 5/21/10 9:04:20 AM 2 Cities have grown along rivers such as 3 Many people in cold, snowy Scandinavia have the Rhine in Germany. Rivers have been settled on the coasts, looking to the sea and routes for moving people and goods. lands beyond for the resources they need. In the fi elds around cities, farmers grew all sorts of crops. These fi elds were S U MMARY AND PREVIEW You have just excellent farmlands, but the fl at land also read about the role Europe’s geography made an easy route for invaders to follow. played in its history. Because Europe has No mountains blocked people’s access to so many types of landforms and climates, northern Europe, and as a result, the region many different ways of life developed was frequently invaded. there. Also, northern Europe had few nat- ural barriers to prevent invasions. In the READING CHECK Contrasting How did geog- next section, you will learn how Europe raphy influence where people lived in Europe? changed when invasions did occur. Section 1 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People climates, and vegetation of northern Europe, southern Europe, and Scandinavia. 1. a. Defi ne What is topography? b. Compare and Contrast How is southern Landforms Climates Vegetation Europe’s climate like or unlike your climate? Northern Europe 2. a. Describe Where do most people in southern Southern Europe Europe live? Scandinavia b. Draw Conclusions Do you think Europe’s major farming regions are in the north or the FOCUS ON WRITING south? Why? c. Elaborate How might the region’s climate 4. Thinking about Geography If you were a noble affect how people live in Scandinavia? living in northern Europe, what might your life be like? How would the landforms and climate affect Critical Thinking people in your area? Why might you need the 3. Categorizing Draw a chart like the one to protection of knights? Write some ideas down in the right. Using your notes, list the landforms, your notebook. THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 499 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C17S1.indd 499 5/21/10 9:08:35 AM