U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Release Date Sunday December 4, 1994 Uniform Crime Reports UNIF ORM SUMMARY CRIME CRIME INDEX REPORTS for the United States 1993 CRIMES CLEARED PERSONS ARRESTED HOMICIDE PATTERNS - PAST AND PRESENT LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL PRINTED ANNUALLY Federal Bureau of Investigation U.S. Department of Justice Washington, D.C. 20535 APPENDICES ADVISORY: Committee on Uniform Crime Records International Association of Chiefs of Police; Committee on Uniform Crime Reporting National Sheriffs' Association; Criminal Justice Information Services Data Providers Advisory Policy Board For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0-16-045321-6 PREFACE Fifty years ago America was caught up in the Second World War. In those difficult times, there was the fear of losing family and friends and even de- mocracy itself. Today Americans are focused on different kinds of fea—rc rsime and violence —that have become a part of everyday life. The fear of crime has settled over communities everywhere, challenging our sense of safety and law enforcement’s resources. This fear alters the way we perceive ourselves, our society, and law enforcement. Reducing crime, as well as the fear it causes, poses a significant challenge. It will require careful planning, based on accurate, detailed, and timely infor- mation, along with extensive cooperation of local, state, and federal law en- forcement agencies. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) was designed to provide that information, enabling law enforcement to under- stand and analyze crime more effectively. As NIBRS implementation becomes more and more widespread and the partnership among local, state, and federal law enforcement grows stronger, more information for critical decisions affect- ing law enforcement priorities and future crime prevention programs will be available. This publication is a product of the long-standing cooperation among members of the law enforcement community. While it contains important crime information, it also demonstrates law enforcement’s ability to work together for a common purpose. The Uniform Crime Reporting Program is continually changing in an effort to enhance and maintain that relationship so law enforce- ment can meet each and every challenge in the years to come. CRIME FACTORS Each year when Crime in the United States is published, many entities—news media, tourism agencies, and others with an interest in crime in our Nation—compile rankings of cities and counties based on their Crime Index figures. These simplistic and/or incomplete analyses often create mislead- ing perceptions which adversely affect cities and counties, along with their residents. Assessing criminality and law enforcement’s response from jurisdiction to jurisdiction must encompass many elements, some of which, while having significant impact, are not readily measurable nor applicable pervasively among all locales. Geographic and demographic factors specific to each jurisdiction must be considered and applied if crime assessment is to approach completeness and accuracy. There are several sources of information which may assist the responsible researcher. The U.S. Bureau of the Census data, for example, can be utilized to better understand the makeup of a locale’s population. The transience of the population, its racial and ethnic makeup, its composition by age and gender, education levels, and prevalent family structures are all key factors in assessing and better understand- ing the crime issue. Local chambers of commerce, planning offices, or similar entities provide information regarding the economic and cultural makeup of cities and counties. Understanding a jurisdiction’s industrial/ economic base, its dependence upon neighboring jurisdictions, its transportation system, its economic dependence on nonresidents (such as tourists and convention attendees), its proximity to military reservations, etc., all help in better gauging and interpreting the crime known to and reported by law enforcement. The strength (personnel and other resources) and the aggressiveness of a jurisdiction’s law enforcement agency are also key factors. While information pertaining to the number of sworn and civilian law enforcement employees can be found in this publication, assessment of the law enforce- ment emphases is, of course, much more difficult. For example, one city may report more crime than a comparable one, not because there is more crime, but rather because its law enforcement agency through proactive efforts identifies more offenses. Attitudes of the citizens toward crime and their crime reporting practices, especially concerning more minor offenses, have an impact on the volume of crimes known to police. It is incumbent upon all data users to become as well educated as possible about how to categorize and quantify the nature and extent of crime in the United States and in any of the over 16,000 jurisdictions represented by law enforcement contributors to this Program. Valid assessments are only possible with careful study and analysis of the various unique conditions affecting each local law enforcement jurisdiction. Historically, the causes and origins of crime have been the subjects of investigation by varied disciplines. Some factors which are known to affect the volume and type of crime occurring from place to place are: Population density and degree of urbanization with size of locality and its surrounding area. Variations in composition of the population, particularly youth concentration. Stability of population with respect to residents’ mobility, commuting patterns, and transient factors. Modes of transportation and highway system. Economic conditions, including median income, poverty level, and job availability. Cultural factors and educational, recreational, and religious characteristics. Family conditions with respect to divorce and family cohesiveness. Climate. Effective strength of law enforcement agencies. Administrative and investigative emphases of law enforcement. Policies of other components of the criminal justice system (i.e., prosecutorial, judicial, correctional, and probational). Citizens’ attitudes toward crime. Crime reporting practices of the citizenry. The Uniform Crime Reports give a nationwide view of crime based on statistics contributed by state and local law enforcement agencies. Population size is the only correlate of crime utilized in this publication. While the other factors listed above are of equal concern, no attempt is made to relate them to the data presented. The reader is, therefore, cautioned against comparing statistical data of individual reporting units from cities, counties, metropolitan areas, states, or colleges and universities solely on the basis of their population coverage or student enrollment. Data users are cautioned against comparisons of crime trends presented in this report and those estimated by the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), administered by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Because of differences in methodology and crime coverage, the two programs examine the Nation’s crime problem from somewhat different perspectives, and their results are not strictly compa- rable. The definitional and procedural differences can account for many of the apparent discrepancies in results from the two programs. Appendix IV, “The Nation’s Two Crime Measures,” contains a detailed description of the NCVS and UCR. CONTENTS Section I—Summary of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program Section II— Crime Index Offenses Reported Narrative comments: Crime Index Total Violent Crime: Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault EG. i's. k gamed sone gukaa wach hae ha OARS W Le bk sd kDa DORADA deseo uenhnet ee Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Crime Index Tabulations Charts: Crime clock, 1993 Crime Index total, variation from monthly average Crime Index total, 1989-1993 Crime Index offenses, percent distribution, 1993 Regional violent and property crime rates, 1993 Violent crime, variation from monthly average Violent crime, 1989-1993 Murder, variation from monthly average Murder, 1989-1993 Forcible rape, variation from monthly average Forcible rape, 1989-1993 Robbery, variation from monthly average Robbery, 1989-1993 Robbery analysis, 1989-1993 Aggravated assault, variation from monthly average Aggravated assault, 1989-1993 Property crime, variation from monthly average Property crime, 1989-1993 Burglary, variation from monthly average Burglary, 1989-1993 Burglary analysis, 1989-1993 Larceny-theft, variation from monthly average Larceny-theft, 1989-1993 Larceny analysis, 1989-1993 Larceny analysis, 1993 Motor vehicle theft, variation from monthly average Motor vehicle theft, 1989-1993 Tables: Crime Index total by month, percent of annual total, 1989-1993 Violent crime total by month, percent of annual total, 1989-1993 Tab—l Conetisnue d Murder: By month, percent of annual total, 1989-1993 Victims by race and sex, 1993 Age, sex, and race of victims, 1993 Age, sex, and race of offenders, 1993 ep ND OME TOTS 55... cc accccvnens suse dekerceheReneeneesO eaebeaedye a s Victim/offender relationship by race and sex, 1993 Type of weapons used, 1993 Victims, type of weapons used, 1989-1993 Vict—i wemapson s used, 1993 Circumstances by relationship, 1993 Circumstances by weapon, 1993 Circumstances, 1989-1993 Circumstances by victim sex, 1993 Justifiable homicide by weapon, 1989-1993: Law enforcement Private citizen Forcible rape, by month, percent of annual total, 1989-1993 Robbery: eeNO UR I NIE, ROPES. oo os inc eked Mews edb isd ewer Reet eeks sus meta seas Percent distribution, region, 1993 Percent distribution, population group, 1993 Type of weapons used, 1993 Aggravated assault: By month, percent of annual total, 1989-1993 Type of weapons used, 1993 Property crime total by month, percent of annual total, 1989-1993 Burglary, by month, percent of annual total, 1989-1993 Larceny-theft: By month, percent of annual total, 1989-1993 Percent distribution, region, 1993 Motor vehicle theft: By month, percent of annual total, 1989-1993 Percent distribution, region, 1993 Arson, 1993: Rate, population group Type of property Structures not in use Monetary value of property damaged Offenses cleared by arrest Offenses cleared by arrest of persons under 18 years of age Index of crime: United States, 1974-1993 United States, 1993 Regional offense and population distribution, 1993 en meas Caveen,; aid state, 1992-1993 . .. . .2 sc stds once guce esses need canvewede kee vas 60-67 State, 1993 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1993 United States, offense analysis, 1989-1993 Number of offenses known to the police, 1993: Cities and towns 10,000 and over in population 109-157 Universities and colleges Suburban counties 183-189