UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY PROCEEDINGS FROM THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY CONFERENCE ALAN B. ALBRIGHT, Editor Savannah, Georgia 1987 Published by . THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY RONALD L. MICHAEL, Editor PrintProduction by Braun-Brumfield, Inc. AnnArbor, Michigan © 1987byTheSociety forHistorical Archaeology PrintedinUnited StatesofAmerica Contents FORWARD ALANB. ALBRIGHf, EDITOR SYMPOSIA HIsToRYANDRESEARCH ROBERTMARX,CHAIR 1 The Manilla Galleon ROBERTMARX 1 The USS Constitution Museum: Telling the Story of a National Symbol WILLIAMA.BAYRElITHER 2 CREATIVEFINANCINGANDPROJECTMANAGEMENT ANNEGIESECKE, CHAIR 4 Save Ontario Shipwrecks: Project Organization and Financing FREDGREGORY 4 Guns of Punta Salis PETERZWICK 5 Underwater Research on Lake Champlain ARTIIURB.COHN 7 Creative Financing and Project Management ANNEGIESECKE 12 UNDERWATERSURVEY J.BARTOARNOlDIII,CHAIR 14 The Padre Island Archaeological Survey J.BARTOARNOLDIII 14 The Barks La Grange andNinus: Two Recent Additions to the Growing Number of Gold Rush Era Shipwreck Sites STEPHENR.JAMESJR. 21 1986 Survey of the Schooner Fleetwing; Garrett Bay, Wisconsin: A Preliminary Report DAVIDCOOPER 27 TIlEARCHAEOLOGICALTEsTINGPROGRAMFORTIlEPIRATESIllPWHYDAH: THEHowANDTIlEWHAT MICHAELROBERTS,CHAIR 33 The Site Testing Program for the Pirate Ship Whydah MICHAELROBERT 33 The Historical Research of the British Archives for the Whydah Ship Project, Massachusetts K. ANNETuRNER 37 Conservation of a Complex Composite in a Dense Matrix of Concretion BETTYL.SEIFERT 39 Field Procedures Developed onWLF-HA-I the Whydah Site off Wellfleet, Cape Cod JAMES R.REEDY 41 Techniques for Documenting Artifact Distribution LoUISEDECESARE 44 Supporting Archaeological research in the Real World ROBERTMCCLUNG CONSERVATION CURTISSPETERSON,CHAIR 47 Preservation through Cooperation DANIELW.BROWN 47 Preliminary Analysis and Conservation of the Widgeon 1864-1867 DAVIDA.MUNCHER 48 Conservation of Historic Artifacts from Marine and Coastal Environments HERBERTD.BUMPANDDAVIDA.MUNCHER 52 Current Research in Wood and Leather Treatments at the Canadian Conservation Institute JUDITHA.LoGANANDGREGORYS.YOUNG 54 Recent Preservation Efforts on USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor LARRYMURPHY 57 COMMUNICATINGARCHAEOLOGY SHEUSMITH,CHAIR 60 New Potential for Nautical Archaeology CAROLOLSEN 60 Communicating Archaeology: Visual Communication of Archaeology With the Pen SHEUSMITIf 62 SITESURVEYS GORDONWATTS,CHAIR 65 Location and Identification of the Steamboat Spray RICHARDW.LAWRENCE 65 Preliminary Investigation of a Revolutionary War Era Vessel in Crosswicks Creek, Bordontown, New Jersey LEECOXJR. 67 On a Possible 17th Century Small Craft Wreck, Lyons Creek, Calvert County, Maryland RALPHESHELMANANDDONSHOMEITE 71 The Yorktown Shipwreck JOHND.BROADWATER 77 Environmental Process in the Vicinity of Roanoke Island, North Carolina RICHARDA.STEPHENSON 80 Noquebay: The Study of a Late 19th Century Barge TONICARRELL 82 GENERALTOPICSINUNDERWATERARCHAEOLOGY ROBERTGRENIER,CHAIR 87 Search for the Keys to the Boat MARKWILD-RAMSING 87 Candied Canoes of North Carolina LESLIE E.BRIGlIT 89 Analysis of the Artifacts of the Garigliano River, Italy Daily Life and Work S.DoMINICRUEGGE 91 A Feasibility Study of a Diver Operated Computer and Data Acquisition System Designed for Underwater Archaeology JOHNCARTER,JAMESCOVILL,WILLISSTEVENS,ROBERT GRENIER 94 HMS Kronan: Underwater Archaeological Investigations of a 17th Century Man of War LARsEINARSSON 99 Technical Aspects of the Excavation of HMS Kronan BENGTGRISELL 103 MARITIMEARCIDTECfURE MARKNEWELL,CHAIR 105 Economic Effects on Design of Chesapeake Bay Sailing Craft FREDHOPKINS 105 Harts Cove 1986 Field Report SHEUSMITHANDDAVIDSWITZER 107 The Small Boat finds at the "Musee de la civilisation" in Quebec City DANIELLAROCHE 108 MANAGEMENTANDEDUCATION GEORGEFISCHER,CHAIR 114 The PitcherWreck: An Exercise in Crisis DON SHOMETIE 114 The Widgeon: A New View of the Saint Marys River During Reconstruction HOWARD B.TOWERANDJAMESJ. MILLER 116 Nautical Archaeology Training Program for Sports Divers BILLEDDY 119 The Managementof Research Programs in Marine Protected Areas CALVINR. CUMMINGS 124 The USS Monitor National Marine Sanctuary CALVINR.CUMMINGS,CHAIR 128 A Decade of Research: Investigation of the USS Monitor GORDONP.WATIS,JR. 128 Conserving the Monitor CURTISS E.PETERSON 139 Discussant Remarks BRUCER.RIpPETEAu 141 AnnmONALPAPERS The Sea Walls of Saint Eustatia JOHNloUISANTONIODEPASSAlACQUA 142 Hellenistic to Early Byzantine Artifacts found off the Southwestern Turkish Coast MARGAREfCOWIN 144 THE SOCIETYFORHISTORICALARCHAEOLOOY EXTENDS ITS APPRECIATIONTO MR. ROLAND YOUNG, PRESIDENTOFTHE SOUTHCAROLINA UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICALRESEARCH COUNCIL FOR HIS FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IN PUBLISHING THESE PROCEEDINGS ALAN B.ALBRIGHT FOREWORD The Society for Historical Archaeology Conference on This publication represents the first incursion by the Historical andUnderwater Archaeology washeldinSavan Society for Historical Archaeology into the realms of nah, Georgia, duringJanuary 7-11,1987. Thisisthe 18th "electronic publishing". The articlesreceivedfrom the annual meeting in which both terrestrial and underwater authors were transcribed into Microsoft® Word and archaeologicalpaperswerepresentedjointly. Over80under formatted using AldusPageMaker®. This publication waterpapersweregivenand47arepresentedinthisvolume. wasputintoanApple®MacintoshTMownedbytheSouth Asinpreceding conferences, topicsspanned overtwothou CarolinaInstituteofArchaeology andAnthropologyand sandyears ofhistoryandfrommanypartsoftheglobe. was printed on an Apple LaserWriter™ owned by the TheconferencewashostedbytheCenterforLowCountry KershawCountyPublicLibrary, ofwhichmywifeisthe Studies,ArmstrongCollege,theU.S.CorpsofEngineers,and Director. ComputerSource/ConnectingPointofColum theCoastalGeorgiaArchaeologicalSociety,Inc. Thelistof bia,SC letususetheirequipmentduringoffhoursandon co-sponsorsappearsonpageiioftheprogramandtheefforts weekendsandSpencerWhetstone,oftheirstaff,putintoo ofthoseorganizations andtheirstaffaregreatly appreciated. manyhours tocount informatting theProceedings.This Asinthepast,theSavannahConferencewastheproductof wasmyfirstattemptatelectronicpublishing,oranyother manygovernmental andeducational entities andmany indi publishingforthatmatter,andIhavecomeawayfromthe viduals. Theyaretoonumerousforalltobementionherebut experience with two conclusions. First that electronic specialthanksareduetoKathyLevittofArmstrongCollege, publishingisthewaytogo. Second,thatthesameperson Georgia,throughwhomLarryBabits,ConferenceChair,Nick shouldcontracttodoitforanumberofyears. Theprocess Honerkamp, SHAChair,andI,CUAProgram Chair,coordi oflearninghow touse electronichardware andsoftware nated our efforts and turned to for help too many times to systems,shouldnothave tobeundertakencoldbyanew mention. JudyWoodof/andtheSavannahDistrict,U.S.Corps editoreach year. Alsostaying withtheone system will ofEngineerswereresponsibleforprintingtheprogram. Carol assurecontinuityofformandstyle. Ruppe, as always, organized and splendidly managed the Back issues of the9thCUA Proceedings may bepur Book Room. J.Barto ArnoldIII,ChairmanoftheAdvisory chasedfrom theTexas Antiquities Committee,P.O.Box Council on Underwater Archaeology and other council 12276,CapitolStationAustin,TX,78711. Backissuesof members were always very helpful when called upon for the10ththrough the14th CUA Proceedings maybepur advice. The enjoyable annual banquet was hosted and chasedfromFathomEight,P.O.Box80505,SanMarino, partially sponsored by the Coastal Heritage Society of Old CA,91108.Thesebackcopiesrepresentabroadspectrum FortJackson. databaseforreference andresearch andshouldbeinthe Iappreciate theeffortsofKennPinsonHeadofthePubli librariesofbothterrestrialandunderwaterarchaeologists. cationsDivisionoftheSouthCarolinaInstituteofArchaeol ogy andAnthropologyfortheeditingadvicehegaveme,and to Ann Salters and Mary Custodio of his staff for their Alan B. Albright contributionsinpreparing artworkandphotography. Also mythanksgoestoDianeMosesandDebBarshafskyfortyping South CarolinaInstituteof thepapersintothecomputer,toAshleyChapmanandmywife Archaeologyand Anthropology, Penny for helping me proofread thematerial, and toMark UniversityofSouth Carolina, Newell forhisadviceandassistance. Onamorepersonal ColumbiaSC, 29208 level I appreciate the free timeI wasgiven by theInstitute director, Dr. Bruce Rippeteau, to work on the Proceedings duringregularworkinghours. RonaldL.Michaels,Editorfor The Society for Historical Archaeology was always ready with advice whenIneeded it,andshowed greatpatience in explaining theprocess ofputtingthispublicationtogether. SYMPOSIUM well worth the hardships. The cargoes carried from Acapulco to Manilawerebasicallythesameasthosecarriedontheflotasbetween ROBERT F.MARX SpainandtheIndiesports,exceptthatsilverspecieandbullionwere alsocarried onthese galleons, comingfrom themines ofPeruand Mexicotopayforthecargoes senttoManila. TheCrownrestricted The Manila Galleons theamounttobesenttoManilaat500,000pesosayear,butlikemany otherlaws,thiswasalmostalwaysdisregardedsothatanaverage of ThefirstofthefabledManilagalleonscrossedthePacificin1565. 3 to 5 million pesos were sent to Manila annually. In 1597 the Thelastoneputintoport in1815. When thelinebegan,Philipthe fantastic amount of 12millionpesos reached theAsian port. Second wasking ofalltheSpains andhisenemy, ElizabethTudor, Thecargoesplying theroutefrom Manila toAcapulcowereofa wasqueen of England. HemanCortes, conquerorofMexico, had more exotic and diversifiednature. Themain item was silk from beendead buteighteen years. The same year Pedro Menendezde ChinaandJapanofvariedtypes. Therewerecrepes,velvets,gauzes, AvileslaidthefoundationsofSt.AugustineinFlorida. Whenthelast taffetas, damasks, and grosgrains. Packed in chests were silks in Manilagalleon saileditwasalreadyfiveyearssinceMiguelHidalgo every stage of manufacture from lengths of raw silk to finished hadbegun therevoltagainstSpain whichwastocreatetheRepublic apparel -robes,kimonos, skirtsandstockings. Finelyembroidered ofMexico. TheUnitedStates hadbeenanation forfortyyearsand Chinese religious vestments, silken tapestries and bedcoverings AndrewJacksonhadjustwon thebattleofNewOrleans. were also shipped. Fine cottons from the Mogul Empire ofIndia Yearly, for the two and a half centuries that lay between, the comprisedagoodpartofthecargoesduringthelatterpartofthetrade galleons made the long and lonely voyage betweenManila inthe aswere Persian carpets, imported intothePhilippinesviaIndia. PhilippinesandAcapulco inMexico. Nootherlineofshipshasever InadditiontheManilaGalleons carriedexquisitejewelryinclud endured solong. Nootherregularnavigationhasbeensotryingand ingpendants, earrings,bracelets andrings. Thereweregemstudded dangerous as this, for in its two hundred and fifty years the sea swordhilts,rugs,fans,combsandawiderangeofpreciousspicesand claimeddozens ofshipsandthousandsofmenandmanymillions in drugs (including rhubarb which wasmuch sought after inEurope). treasure. Astherichest ships inalltheoceans, they werethemost The shipscarried agreatdeal ofbeautifulChineseporcelainware, covetedprizeofpirateandprivateer. TheEnglishtookfourofthem, objectscarvedofivoryandsandalwood,goldbells,coppercuspidors -theSantaAnain1587,theEncarnacionin1709,theCovadongain and exquisite and unusual devotional pieces such as crucifixes, 1743,andtheSantisimaTrinidad, largestshipofhertime,in1762. reliquaries,rosariesandreligioussculpturesinwood,ivoryandgold, TothepeoplesofSpanishAmerica,theyweretheChinaShipsor crafted intheOrient forRoman Catholics. Manila Galleons thatbroughtthemcargoes ofsilksandspices and Considerablegoldintheformofbullionormanufacturedarticles otherpreciousmerchandiseoftheEast. TothoseoftheOrient,they was exported to Mexico. Though there was a legal ban on the weresilverargosies,ladenwiththeMexicanandPeruvianpesosthat importation of jewelry from the Orient, in a large consignment weretobecomethestandardofvaluealongitscoasts. ToCalifornia, confiscatedatAcapulcoin1767there areenumeratedhundreds of theyfurnishedthefirstoccasionand motivefortheexplorationofits rings,manyofwhich weresetwithdiamonds andrubies, bracelets, coast. ToSpain,theywerethelinkthatboundthePhilippines -and, pendants, earrings and necklaces and a number of gold religious foratime,theMoluccas -toher,anditwastheircomingsandgoings articles including a cross set with eight diamonds. On the same thatgave somesubstanceofreality totheSpanishdreamofempire occasion officials also seized "a golden bird from China", some overthePacific. jewel-studded sword hilts, and several alligatorteeth capped with TheManila galleons werethelargestshipstheSpanish used. In gold. manyunset oruncutgemswerealsocarriedtoMexicobythe the sixteenthcentury they averaged about 700 tons; inthe seven ManilaGalleon. HenryHawks,anEnglishmerchantwhospentfive teenth century the average was 1,500 tons; and in the eighteenth yearsinMexicointhesixteenthcenturywrote:"Therewasamariner century they werebetween 1,700and2,000tons. Three orfour of thatbrought apearleasbigasadoves eggfromthence, andastone theseships sailedannuallyineachdirectionuntil 1593,whenalaw forwhich theViceroy wouldhave given 3000duckets." waspassedkeepingthenumberofsailingsdowntotwoayearineach Whentherichly laden Manila Galleonsreached Acapulco,mer direction. chantsarrivedfromasfarawayasPeruandafairwasheldatwhich The voyage from Acapulco to Manila was usually pleasant thebulkofthegoodswassold. Peruvianmerchantswouldcarrytheir enough, withonlyanoccasionalstorrnunsettlingtheroutinesailing newly acquired merchandisedown to Panama City and sail home offrom eight to ten weeks. On the other hand, the voyage from later in the year on the ships of the Annada of the South Seas. Manilato Acapulco wasknown asthemosttreacherousnavigation Mexican merchantshadtheirgoods carried overthe mountainsby intheworld. Becausethewinds inthePhilippinelatitudesarefrom mules. Theagents whorepresentedthemerchantsinfaroffSeville theeast,the Manila Galleons hadtobeat their wayasfarnorth as alsousedmules andtravelledallthe wayto Veracruztoboard the Japanbeforereaching thebeltofwesterly windswhichwouldcarry NewSpain Flotaback toSpain. them across the Pacific until they made landfall on the coast of More than 90 per cent ofall the Manila Galleons lost over the Californiaandthen worked their waydowntoAcapulco. centuries wentdown inPhilippinewaters. Ships sailingforMexico Thisvoyagetookfromfourtoeightmonths, depending onluck. foundered ontreacherousreefsorfellvictimtotyphoons beforethey Counting thecrews,from300to600personssailedoneachgalleon werefarfrom Manila andeven though the Acapulco-Manilaroute withanaverage offrom 100to150ofthemperishingenroutefrom waslesshazardousoverallthantherouteeasttotheNewWorld,once epidemics, scurvy, thirst, starvation,or the cold. On one of two theheavilyladengalleons enteredthewatersaround thePhilippines Manila Galleons sailing jointly in 1657, all 450 persons aboard they entered dangerous territory. succumbedtoasmallpox epidemic. About halfthe400aboardthe Dozens of Manila Galleons lie beneath the seas around the othergalleon alsodied. Philippines. UnlikesomanyofthetreasuregalleonslostintheNew Notwithstanding the great risks to life, ships, and property in World, none has ever beenfound orsalvaged. They sank indeep volved in this navigation, the financial gain accruing to those water,beyondthereachofSpanishColonialsalvorsbutwellwithin involvedintheManilaGalleontradeandtotheRoyalCrownseemed thereachofmodemsalvage efforts.