UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff SSaann DDiieeggoo DDiiggiittaall UUSSDD Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2016 UUnnddeerrssttaannddiinngg tthhee RRoollee ooff WWoommeenn aass LLeeaaddeerrss iinn MMeexxiiccaann PPoolliittiiccss:: LLooookkiinngg BBaacckk aanndd MMoovviinngg FFoorrwwaarrdd Rafael Tovar y Lopez-Portillo University of San Diego Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations Part of the Latin American History Commons, Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons DDiiggiittaall UUSSDD CCiittaattiioonn Tovar y Lopez-Portillo, Rafael, "Understanding the Role of Women as Leaders in Mexican Politics: Looking Back and Moving Forward" (2016). Dissertations. 58. https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations/58 This Dissertation: Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Digital USD. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital USD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Understanding the Role of Women as Leaders in Mexican Politics: Looking Back and Moving Forward by Rafael Tovar y López-Portillo A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2016 Dissertation Committee Afsaneh Nahavandi, Ph.D. Iris Engstrand, Ph.D. Lea Hubbard, Ph.D. University of San Diego i Abstract The constant changes that occur in a globalized world have pushed gender equality to the forefront of many debates in the western world. Nevertheless, cultural values continue to influence the way in which governments, societies, and individuals behave in regard to the roles that men and women play. In Mexico, despite the cultural values that are embedded in society, women have been able to succeed in areas where, until a few decades ago, it would have been unimaginable. During the last forty years, the Mexican government has gone through a gradual transformation that has allowed women to become an active part of the political arena. Nevertheless, the path continues to be arduous, as deep-seated social values and prejudices still influence the thoughts of many individuals. Few studies have specifically addressed the involvement of women in Mexican history and politics, especially using first-hand accounts. This study aims to fill that gap and help understand the importance of the involvement of women throughout the history of Mexico, and offer a privileged insight to their lives and experiences. To do so, twelve women who have actively participated in Mexican politics through direct appointment, elections, activism, and academia were interviewed. While the sample is small, these twelve women are part of a very small and select group of female political leaders in Mexico, which include former first ladies, ministers of the Supreme Court, senators, congresswomen, ambassadors, members of different presidential cabinets, academicians, and activists. The common themes that the women interviewed discussed were culture and prejudice, the role of traits in leadership, gender quotas, the role of first ladies, the ii importance of political parties, and the possibility of having a female president. None of the leaders identified as politicians first; rather, they saw their family as a primary focus. This research gives a limited but rich and useful journalistic perspective on the careers of women who have helped shape contemporary Mexico. While the small convenience sample provides a limitation to generalizing the results, the women interviewed are all key leaders in Mexican politics and their experiences can inform the role and impact of women in Mexico. Keywords: Mexico, women, gender equality, politics, machismo, culture iii A la memoria de mi abuela, Da. Carmen Romano de López-Portillo, Primera Dama, en todos los sentidos. A las mujeres de mi vida; pasadas, presentes y futuras. A aquellas que no conocí y a aquellas que todavía no conozco. R.T.L.P. iv Acknowledgments I would greatly like to thank the following members of the School of Leadership in Education of the University of San Diego, without which this thesis would have not been possible. First, my gratitude goes to Dr. Afsaneh Nahavandi, whose expertise and knowledge helped me enormously in doing this research; but whose patience, character, and humanity made this process easier, especially during difficult moments. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Iris Engstrand, whose friendship has been invaluable to me, as well as has her immense passion and knowledge for History. I also would like to thank Dr. Lea Hubbard, whose understanding of leadership made this research much more complete, and whose invaluable comments greatly improved it. A mis padres, bastiones fundamentales de mi vida. Mis dos pilares, mis dos apoyos que han sabido guiarme siempre. Más, no puedo decirles. A Leonora, cómplice y testigo de mi vida. A Leonora, mi sobrina, quien espero lea algún día estas páginas y se interese por hacer un México mejor, al igual que lo hicieron sus antepasados. A Gerardo, quien todavía no sabe leer, pero que será justo y generoso, sabiéndose siempre digno descendiente de nuestra estirpe y, por ello, intente hacer una mejor Nación. A la memoria de mis abuelos, a quienes extraño todos los días y cuyo ejemplo ha sido y será siempre la brújula en mi camino. v To Juan Fernando Roche and Marianne Waldrop, who I am lucky to call my friends and whose advice and support made this whole process much more fun. To Cristina Alcayaga, Sara Bermúdez, Gabriela Cano, Lucía García Noriega, Roberta Lajous, Marta Lamas, Carmen López-Portillo, María Angélica Luna y Parra, Beatriz Paredes, Consuelo Sáizar, Olga Sánchez Cordero, and Margarita Zavala for having agreed to participate in this project and for sharing their experiences and insights. vi Preface Since I was a child I have been interested in history, a discipline that has accompanied me throughout my life. As I read the biographies of the Queens of France, Tsarinas of Russia, and Empresses of Austria, I became more and more interested in how and why they governed, sometimes with much more political, military, and social success than men. As I grew older, I began to realize that, throughout the history of Mexico, not one woman had been in power, and those who had gotten close to it had become secondary characters, whose historical importance and social value had been diminished. I then began to ask myself many questions about why women had been ostracized, and reached the conclusion that the main issue was cultural and social values and prejudices. These social predispositions were encouraged, among other things, by the Catholic Church, an institution that has had enormous power and influence throughout Mexico´s history, as part of the Spanish inheritance. Nevertheless, as time passed, the influence of the Church—especially in politics—diminished, but certain values remained embedded in society. As I thought more about the issue of gender equality, I was able to perceive certain differences in how the male and female roles have been played in distinct environments, including my own family. Having not only participated in the history of Mexico, through social, academic, and political presence, my family has also been active in the making of the country since its foundation. Nevertheless, as active as that social and political participation has been, women have had, until recently, a more secondary and hidden role. vii Like many of my interests, history became a part of my life due to a familial influence. The relationship that I had with my grandparents allowed me to understand different point of views, opinions and experiences of a bygone era, where women were supposed to stay at home and take care of their family. Even though men in my family studied and had many different professions throughout our history, my mother´s generation was the first one where women achieved an academic degree. Both my grandmothers, for example, went to school and had preceptors for certain topics; they had passions and qualities, but they continued to obey the social norm and took care of their families, thus forsaking their own interests. It was not until 1976, when my grandfather became President of Mexico, that my maternal grandmother began contemplating the possibility of becoming partially involved in politics as First Lady, thus creating an enormous infrastructure that, among other things, helped children and women. Her views on gender equality were very clear. She stated that “the historical moment of the nation has made that the presence of women becomes an economic, social, and authentic necessity” (Romano, 1976). Her privileged position as First Lady, which is not a political one, but in which politics are needed to successfully carry it out, gave her the opportunity to work for the Mexican people, especially for women and children, creating wonderful social and cultural projects that continue to exist today, after almost forty years since my grandfather´s presidency ended. My grandmother´s social empathy allowed her to understand the needs of those in less favorable conditions, and she did everything in her power to improve the precarious situation in which many people lived. Culture and education have been a necessity to improve the social problems that afflicted the country. For me, my grandmother became viii