Understanding Stone Tools and title: Archaeological Sites author: Kooyman, Brian P. publisher: University of Calgary Press isbn10 | asin: 1552380211 print isbn13: 9781552380215 ebook isbn13: 9780585289045 language: English Stone implements, Archaeology-- subject Methodology. publication date: 2000 lcc: GN799.T6.K66 2000eb ddc: 930/.1/028 Stone implements, Archaeology-- subject: Methodology. Page i Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites By Brian P. Kooyman Page ii Copyright © 2000 by Brian P. Kooyman. All rights reserved. First printing, April 2000 University of Calgary Press 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 University of New Mexico Press 1720 Lomas N.E. Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, 87131-1591 Cataloguing in Publication Data Kooyman, Brian P. (Brian Patrick), 1953- Understanding stone tools and archaeological sites University of Calgary Press: ISBN 1-55238-021- 1 (Softcover edition) ISBN 1-55238-035- 1 (Hardcover edition University of New Mexico Press: ISBN 0-8263-2333- 2 (Softcover edition) ISBN 0-8263-2300- 6 (Hardcover edition) 1. Stone implements. 2. ArchaeologyMethodology. I. Title. GN799.T6K66 2000 930'. 1 '028 C00-910155-1 We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPDP) for our publishing activities. Funding for this book has been provided by: Bison Historical Services Ltd. Fedirchuk McCullough & Associates Lifeways of Canada Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any meansgraphic, electronic or mechanicalwithout the prior permission of the publisher. Any request for photocopying, recording, taping or reproducing in information storage and retrieval systems of any part of this book shall be directed in writing to CANCOPY, One Yonge Street, Suite 1900, Toronto, Ontario MSE 1E5. Printed and bound in Canada by Houghton Boston Printers and Lithographers. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Cover design by Doyle Buehler, Aces High. Typesetting and page design by Cliff Kadatz. Page iii Contents Chapter 1. Introduction to Lithic Analysis 1 1.1 Early History of Lithic Studies 4 Chapter 2. Manufacturing Techniques and Brittle Material 9 Fracture Mechanics 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Manufacturing Techniques 9 2.2.1 Flaking 12 2.2.2 Techniques to Produce Stone Tools by Flaking 16 2.2.3 Basic Flake Types 18 2.3 Fracture Mechanics 20 2.3.1 Fracture Initiation and the Hertzian Cone 20 2.4 Analysis Implementation 24 Chapter 3. General Lithic Types 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Silicate Minerals 26 3.3 Rocks 30 3.3.1 Igneous Rock Classification 30 3.3.2 Separating Igneous Rocks in Hand Specimen 32 3.3.3 Sedimentary Rock Classification 34 3.3.4 Metamorphic Rocks 36 3.4 Analysis Implementation 37 Chapter 4. Sourcing Lithic Materials 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Sourcing by Non-Chemical Methods: Some 39 Examples 4.3 Chemical Sourcing 40 4.3.1 Main Problems with Chemical Sourcing 42 Analysis 4.4 Analysis Implementation 43 Page iv Chapter 5. Lithic Reduction Strategies and Techniques 45 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 Conceptual Models 46 5.3 Reduction Stage Analysis 51 5.3.1 Reduction Stages 51 5.3.2 Practical Approaches to Analysis 55 5.3.3 Determining Platform Boundaries and Scar 60 Counts 5.3.4 Mass Analysis 62 5.4 Ground Stone Tool Reduction Stage Analysis 64 5.5 Heat Treatment of Lithic Material 65 5.6 Analysis Implementation 68 Chapter 6. Survey of Worldwide Lithic Technology 69 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 Lower Paleolithic 69 6.3 Middle Paleolithic 73 6.4 Upper Paleolithic 74 6.5 Mesolithic and Neolithic 75 Chapter 7. Introduction to the Study of Lithic Production 77 Variables 7.1 Introduction 77 7.2 Manufacturing Techniques: Flintknappers' 78 Experience 7.3 Controlled Scientific Experiments in Lithic 81 Production Variables 7.3.1 Overall Flake Form 81 Objective Piece Surface Geometry 81 Initiation Type 82 Exterior Platform Angle 83 Platform Thickness 84 7.3.2 Other Observations 84 7.4 Flintknappers' Replication Studies 85 7.5 Analysis Implementation 89 Chapter 8. The Meaning of Form in Lithic Tools 91 8.1 Types of Form 91 8.2 Functional Tool Types 99 Page v 8.2.1 Fabricators 99 8.2.2 Reduction Stage Tools 100 8.2.3 Finished Tool Types: General 100 8.2.4 Finished Tool Types: Specific 101 8.3 Analysis Implementation 105 Chapter 9. Northern Plains Stone Tool Cultural History 107 9.1 Introduction 107 9.2 Clovis 107 9.2.1 Characteristic Lithic Tools 107 9.2.2 Lithic Technology 108 9.3 Goshen-Plainview 110 9.3.1 Characteristic Lithic Tools 110 9.3.2 Lithic Technology 111 9.4 Folsom 111 9.4.1 Characteristic Lithic Tools 111 9.4.2 Lithic Technology 112 9.5 Agate Basin 113 9.5.1 Characteristic Lithic Tools 113 9.5.2 Lithic Technology 113 9.6 Hell Gap 114 9.6.1 Characteristic Lithic Tools 114 9.6.2 Lithic Technology 115 9.7 Alberta 115 9.7.1 Characteristic Lithic Tools 115 9.7.2 Lithic Technology 115 9.8 Cody Complex 115 9.8.1 Characteristic Lithic Tools 115 9.8.2 Lithic Technology 117 9.9 Late Paleoindian Parallel-Oblique Complex 118 9.9.1 Characteristic Lithic Tools 118 9.9.2 Lithic Technology 118 9.10 Mummy Cave/Early Plains Archaic 119 9.10.1 Characteristic Lithic Tools 119