Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations A01_PARR6763_05_SE_FM.indd 1 12/10/14 10:08 AM This page intentionally left blank A01_PARR6763_05_SE_FM.indd 2 12/10/14 10:08 AM Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations Fifth Edition Vincent N. Parrillo William Paterson University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_PARR6763_05_SE_FM.indd 3 12/10/14 10:08 AM Publisher: Charlyce Jones Owen Senior Operations Specialist: Diane Peirano Editorial Assistant: Maureen Diana Cover Design: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Product Marketing Manager: Tricia Murphy Cover Photo: Rawpixel/Shutterstock Field Marketing Manager: Brittany Digital Media Product Manager: Claudine Bellanton Hogue-Mohammed Digital Media Project Manager: Rich Barnes Managing Editor: Denise Forlow Full-Service Project Management: Program Manager: Seanna Breen Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Project Manager: Lynne Breitfeller Printer/Binder: RR Donnelley/Roanoke Senior Operations Supervisor: Mary Fischer Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Acknowledgements of third party content appear on the appropriate text page or on pages 209–210, which constitutes an extension of this copyright page. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008, by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. PEARSON and ALWAYS LEARNING are exclusive trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries owned by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parrillo, Vincent N. Understanding race and ethnic relations / Vincent N. Parrillo.—Fifth edition. pages cm ISBN 978-0-205-92676-3 — ISBN 0-205-92676-2 1. Race relations. 2. Ethnic relations. 3. Minorities. 4. United States—Race relations. 5. United States—Ethnic relations. I. Title. HT1521.P37 2016 305.8—dc23 2014036593 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Student Edition: ISBN-10: 0-205-92676-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-92676-3 Books á la Carte Edition: ISBN-10: 0-13-412972-5 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-412972-3 A01_PARR6763_05_SE_FM.indd 4 12/11/14 10:56 AM Contents Preface vii Retrospect 54 Key Terms 55 1 The Study of Minorities 1 Discussion Questions 55 The Stranger as a Social Phenomenon 3 Internet Activities 56 Similarity and Attraction 3 Social Distance 4 3 Ethnic and Racial Stratification 57 Perceptions 7 Interactions 8 Stratification 58 Minority Groups 10 Social Class 59 Minority-Group Characteristics 11 Class Consciousness 60 Ethnicity and Social Class 60 Racial and Ethnic Groups 12 Blaming the Poor or Society? 62 Ethnocentrism 14 Intergroup Conflict 66 In the United States 15 Cultural Differentiation 66 In Other Times and Lands 16 Structural Differentiation 67 Eurocentrism and Afrocentrism 17 Objectivity 18 Ethnic Stratification 68 The Power-Differential Theory 69 The Dillingham Flaw 19 The Internal-Colonialism Theory 70 Personal Troubles and Public Issues 21 Origins of Ethnic Stratification 71 The Dynamics of Intergroup Relations 22 Labor Market Outcomes 74 Sociological Perspective 23 Social Capital 74 Functionalist Theory 23 Segmented Assimilation 76 Conflict Theory 24 Nonimmigrant Workers 77 Interactionist Theory 26 Retrospect 78 Retrospect 27 Key Terms 79 Key Terms 29 Discussion Questions 79 Discussion Questions 29 Internet Activities 79 Internet Activities 30 4 Prejudice 80 2 The Role of Culture 31 The Psychology of Prejudice 82 The Concept of Culture 32 Levels of Prejudice 82 The Reality Construct 35 Self-Justification 83 Personality 84 Cultural Change 38 Frustration 85 Cultural Diffusion 39 Subcultures 42 The Sociology of Prejudice 86 Socialization 87 Theories of Minority Integration 45 Economic Competition 89 Assimilation (Majority-Conformity Theory) 46 Social Norms 91 Amalgamation (Melting-Pot Theory) 49 Accommodation (Pluralistic Theory) 52 Stereotyping 92 Ethnophaulisms 93 Is There a White Culture? 54 Ethnic Humor 95 v A01_PARR6763_05_SE_FM.indd 5 12/10/14 10:08 AM vi Contents The Influence of Television 95 Marginality 135 Perpetuation of Stereotypes 96 Middleman Minorities 136 Influencing of Attitudes 98 Dominant-Group Responses 137 The Influence of Advertising and Music 98 Legislative Controls 138 Advertising 99 Segregation 138 Music 100 Expulsion 141 Xenophobia 142 Can Prejudice Be Reduced? 101 Annihilation 143 Interaction 101 Hate Groups 145 Education 102 Hate Crimes 146 Diversity Training 104 Exploitation 146 Retrospect 105 Minority-Minority Relations 150 Key Terms 106 Retrospect 151 Discussion Questions 106 Key Terms 152 Internet Activities 106 Discussion Questions 152 5 Discrimination 107 Internet Activities 152 Levels of Discrimination 107 7 Immigration Patterns Relationships between Prejudice and Issues 153 and Discrimination 110 Social and Institutional Discrimination 111 Ethnic Consciousness 154 Residential Segregation 112 Country of Origin as a Factor 155 Religion 114 The Three-Generation Hypothesis 157 The Affirmative-Action Controversy 115 The Changing Face of Ethnicity 159 The Concepts of Justice, Liberty, Transnationalism 159 and Equality 115 Naturalization 160 Affirmative Action Begins 116 Ethnicity as a Social Process 162 Court Challenges and Rulings 117 Migration Patterns 162 Has Affirmative Action Worked? 120 Symbolic Ethnicity 163 Public Opinion 121 Current Ethnic Issues 164 Racial Profiling 122 Immigration Fears 165 Unauthorized Immigrants 169 Retrospect 123 Language Retention 171 Key Terms 124 Bilingual Education 172 Discussion Questions 124 The Official English Movement 174 Internet Activities 124 Multiculturalism 177 Diversity in the Future 179 6 Dominant–Minority Social Indicators of Change 181 Relations 125 Beyond Tomorrow 184 Key Terms 185 Minority-Group Responses 126 Discussion Questions 185 Ethnic- and Racial-Group Identity 126 Avoidance 128 Internet Activities 186 Deviance 128 Defiance 130 Notes 187 Acceptance 132 Appendix 200 Consequences of Minority-Group Status 133 Credits 209 Negative Self-Image 133 The Vicious Circle 134 A01_PARR6763_05_SE_FM.indd 6 12/10/14 10:08 AM Preface Race and ethnic relations is an exciting, ough sociological introduction to race and ethnic challenging, and dynamic field of study. It relations. touches all of us, directly and indirectly, in Following a presentation of some introduc- many ways, and on personal, regional, national, tory concepts in Chapter 1—particularly that and even global levels. Each generation thinks it of the stranger as a social phenomenon and the lives through a unique situation, as shaped by the concept of the Dillingham Flaw—the first group times or the “peculiarities” of a group’s character- of chapters examines differences in culture, real- istics. In truth, each generation is part of a larger ity perceptions, social class, and power as reasons process that includes behavioral patterns inher- for intergroup conflict. These chapters also look at ited from past generations, who also thought the dominant group’s varying expectations about their situation was unique. how minorities should “fit” into its society. Intergroup relations change continually, through Chapters 2 and 3 include coverage of some alternating periods of quiet and turmoil, of entry of middle-range conflict and interactionist theories. new groups of immigrants or refugees, and of prob- Chapters 4 and 5 explore the dimensions and inter- lems sporadically arising between native-born racial relationships of prejudice and discrimination, and or ethnic groups within the country. Often, we can Chapter 6 covers the dominant–minority response best understand these changes within the context of patterns so common across different groups and discernible, recurring patterns that are influenced by time periods. This chapter presents middle-range economic, political, psychological, and sociological conflict theories about economic exploitation too. factors. This is partly what C. Wright Mills meant Chapter 7 employs holistic sociological concepts when he spoke of the intricate connection between in discussing ethnic consciousness; ethnicity as the patterns of individual lives and the larger his- a social process; current racial and ethnic issues, torical context of society, a concept we discuss in fears, and reactions; and the various indicators of Chapter 1. U.S. diversity in the twenty-first century. To understand both the interpersonal dynam- Discussion questions and Internet activities ics and the larger context of changing intergroup appear at the end of each chapter, along with a list relations—particularly the reality of historical rep- of key terms. At the end of the book, the reader etitions of behavior—we must utilize social sci- will find an appendix giving immigration statis- ence theory, research, and analysis. This volume tics for the period 1820–2011. provides the framework for such understanding, as adapted from my more comprehensive book What’s New in the Fifth Edition Strangers to These Shores. I am grateful for the wide- spread adoptions of that book and the favorable re- This new edition reflects a number of changes. sponse to it from colleagues and students through- First, and most important, is the continuation out Asia, Canada, Europe, and the United States. I of our policy of thoroughly updating all data and am equally pleased with the many similar positive information and including the most recent and responses from other students and colleagues to relevant studies not only in sociology but also in this book, which is intended as a concise but thor- many related fields. Of the 341 reference citations vii A01_PARR6763_05_SE_FM.indd 7 12/10/14 10:08 AM viii Preface in this small volume, 38 percent are either new or REVEL enlivens course content with media updated since the previous edition. interactives and assessments—integrated directly Also, a new boxed feature that appears sev- within the authors’ narrative—that provide eral times in each chapter, “Students Speak,” opportunities for students to read about and provides reactive comments from recent student practice course material in tandem. This readers. Other additions include these: immersive educational technology boosts stu- dent  engagement, which leads to better under- • Chapter 1 includes and discusses the latest standing of concepts and improved performance and largest-ever national study on social throughout the course. distance. • Chapter 2 includes and discusses the most Learn more about REVEL recent racial and ethnic demographics in professional sports. www.pearsonhighered.com/revel/ • Chapter 4 has a new International Scene fea- ture about the 2012 minority youth riot in Instructor’s Supplements France. Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank • Chapter 5 contains updated information on affirmative action and universities. ISBN: 0205926800 • Chapter 6 contains the latest information on This combined manual/test bank contains learn- hate crime statistics and a new map on hate ing objectives, chapter summaries, key terms and groups in the United States. concepts, suggestions for class activities and me- • Chapter 7 contains a new Reality Check dia materials, and test questions (multiple choice, feature on immigrant contributions to the true/false, fill-in, short answer, and essay). The United States, new terminology for English Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank is available to acquisition classes, the recent Supreme Court adopters for download at www.pearsonhighered. ruling on bilingual education, and updated com/irc tables on immigration. MyTest ISBN: 0205926819 REVEL™ This software allows instructors to create their own personalized exams, to edit any or all of the Educational technology designed for existing test questions, and to add new questions. the way today’s students read, think, Other special features of this program include random generation of test questions, creation of and learn alternate versions of the same test, scrambling When students are engaged deeply, they learn question sequence, and test preview before print- more effectively and perform better in their ing. For easy access, this software is available at courses. This simple fact inspired the creation www.pearsonhighered.com/irc of REVEL: an immersive learning experience designed for the way today's students read, think, PowerPoint Presentations and learn. Built in collaboration with educators ISBN: 0205926770 and students nationwide, REVEL is the newest, fully digital way to deliver respected Pearson The PowerPoint presentations are informed by content. instructional and design theory. The Lecture A01_PARR6763_05_SE_FM.indd 8 12/10/14 10:08 AM Preface ix PowerPoint slides follow the chapter outline and and dedication have made the production of feature images from the textbook integrated with this concise volume a most satisfying project. the text. The Special Topics PowerPoint slides al- My special thanks go to Charlyce Jones-Owen, low you to integrate rich supplementary material Publisher, for signing the project and helping it into your course with minimal preparation time. transition into the ever-growing digital market. Additionally, all of the PowerPoints are uniquely Finally, I want to express my gratitude to my designed to present concepts in a clear and suc- family, friends, and colleagues worldwide for the cinct way. They are available to adopters at www. support and encouragement they so generously pearsonhighered.com/irc provide in my writing endeavors. Acknowledgments Vincent N. Parrillo I would like to thank all the reviewers for their William Paterson University helpful suggestions for this and other editions. I Wayne, New Jersey 07470 have also had the good fortune to work with a team at Pearson whose competence, c ooperation, email: [email protected] A01_PARR6763_05_SE_FM.indd 9 12/10/14 10:08 AM