Nikit Deshmukh Nirav Joshi   Editors Understanding Nuclear Physics An Experimental Approach Understanding Nuclear Physics · Nikit Deshmukh Nirav Joshi Editors Understanding Nuclear Physics An Experimental Approach Editors NikitDeshmukh NiravJoshi SchoolofSciences UniversityofBarcelona PPSAVANIUniversity,Kosamba Barcelona,Spain Surat,India ISBN 978-981-19-8436-5 ISBN 978-981-19-8437-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8437-2 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface I ThisbookprovidesauniqueapproachtounderstandthenuclearPhysicsespecially fromtheexperimentalendwhichisnotcommoninmostofthebooksthatareavailable inmarket.ManybooksavailableonthesubjectNuclearPhysicshavetheconventional approachoftheoryknow-howandthenthetraditionaldescriptionoftheexperiments. Butthisbookonthecontrarywillprovidetheotherapproachcoveringexperimental competence.Themainhighlightofthisbookisthataspecialcarehasbeentakento provide more experimental information in the sense considering real experimental data,realexperimentalstructureshowcasedfrominternational/nationallaboratories. ThisbookcoverskeyareasinExperimentalNuclearPhysics,namelyofflinegamma counting and online particle detection approach, overview, and developments in accelerators, detectors, and their associated electronics, data acquisition systems, and computers for data analysis. This book “Understanding Nuclear Physics: An Experimental approach” will provide an extra interest to the readers and open the doors for new opportunities in the youth to pursue research in the experimental nuclearphysicsfield. Kosamba,India NikitDeshmukh October2022 v Preface II Theatomicnucleushasproventobeanexceedinglyinterestingmany-bodysystem to study as it has brought up surprises over and over again. Nuclear physics prior importanceliesinthestudyofatomicnucleithathashistoricallygivenusmanyofthe firstinsightsintomodernphysics.Thefutureprospectsremainsverypromising.The propertiesofnucleiatlowexcitationandlowangularmomentumhavebeenexten- sivelystudiedandpossibleunderstandinghasbeenachieved.Thuscurrentresearch isonnucleiathighinteractionenergies,highangularmomentum,andfarfromthe valley of stability. Further, nuclear physics is closely allied with numerous other activebranchesofphysicswhereversatileresearchispursued.Tohighlightthefew: particlephysics,intermsofthelargeoverlapofinterestsinfundamentalinteractions and symmetries, and condensed matter physics, through the many-body nature of the problems involved. The book is aimed for students who want to pursue their careerinthefieldofNuclearPhysics.Itmainlyfocusesonexperimentalapproach to study nuclear physics. The book provides information about the recent devel- opmentsinaccelerators,detectorsandtheirassociatedelectronics,dataacquisition systems,andcomputersfordataanalysis.Itwillshowcasetherealexperimentaldata whichwillgivethereaderactualunderstandingofthepresentproblemsinthefields andencouragetopursuethefurtherresearchinthefield.Thetopicscoveredinthe book are of vital importance in a wide range of modern and emerging interdisci- plinaryresearchattheintersectionsofnuclearphysicswithrelateddisciplines,such asparticlephysics,astrophysics,atomicphysics,andcondensedmatterphysicsand consequentlyhavegreatimpactonoursociety. Kosamba,India NikitDeshmukh Barcelona,Spain NiravJoshi October2022 vii Acknowledgements Theforemostacknowledgementgoestotheauthoritiesof P.P.SavaniUniversity, Kosamba,Surat,Gujarat,forgivingmethespacetoaccomplishmygoalinbringing outthisedition. I am grateful to my co-author Dr. P. K. Rath who continuously motivated and gaveencouragement;alongwithmyco-editorDr.NiravJ.Joshiwhostoodbehind inexecutingthistask. Itismygreatpleasuretothankandappreciatemyco-authorsDr.BalaramDeyand Dr.SushilKumarSharmafortheirvaluablesuggestionandconstructivecriticism. Mysincerethankstoallotherco-authorsofthisbook Dr.SrijitBhattacharya, Dr. Pankaj K. Giri, Dr. Rudra Narayan Sahoo, Dr. Andrés Arazi, Dr. Daniel Abriola,and Dr.B.Kamysforprovidingallthematerialsrelatedtochaptersina requisitetime. A special Hug and thanks to my dear co-author Dr. U. Singh who helped in formattingallthechapters. FinallyIcan’tforgettheinspirationandnurturingprovidedbymydearwifeAmi and love by my parents. I thank all my collaborators in the field without whom it wouldn’tbepossibleformetodoaconstructiveresearch.AtlastwanttothankGod withoutwhomIwouldn’tbeabletodoanyofthis. My sincere thanks are incomplete without acknowledging Springer Nature SingaporePteLtdandtheir editorialteamfortheirthoroughsupportthroughout thisjourneyandbringingoutthiseditionintime. ix Contents Introduction ...................................................... 1 BalaramDey,SrijitBhattacharya,andNikitDeshmukh BasicPropertiesoftheNucleus ..................................... 5 TanviBhavsarandNikitDeshmukh ExperimentalDetailsforaTypicalNuclearPhysicsExperiment ....... 25 BalaramDeyandSrijitBhattacharya OfflineMeasurementsandExtractionofFusionCrossSection ......... 59 PankajK.Giri,RudraN.Sahoo,andP.K.Rath Measurements of the Angular Distribution of Elastically andInelasticallyScatteredProducts ................................. 99 AndrésAraziandDanielAbriola ProtonInducedSpallationReactions ................................ 131 S.Sharma,U.Singh,andB.Kamys xi Contributors DanielAbriola Laboratorio TANDAR, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, SanMartín,Argentina AndrésArazi Laboratorio TANDAR, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, BKNA1650 San Martín, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientíficasyTécnicas,BuenosAires,Argentina SrijitBhattacharya BarasatGovernmentCollege,Barasat,WestBengal,India TanviBhavsar SchoolofEngineering,PPSavaniUniversity,Dhamdod,Kosamba, Surat,GJ,India NikitDeshmukh SchoolofSciences,PPSavaniUniversity,Dhamdod,Dhamdod, Kosamba,Surat,Gujarat,India BalaramDey BankuraUniversity,Bankura,Purandarpur,WestBengal,India PankajK.Giri DepartmentofPhysics,CentralUniversityofJharkhand,Ranchi, India; IndiaandUGC-DAEConsortiumforScientificResearch,KolkataCentre,Kolkata, India B.Kamys TheMarianSmoluchowskiInstituteofPhysics,JagiellonianUniversity, Łojasiewicza11,Kraków,Poland P.K.Rath CenturionUniversityofTechnologyandManagement,Odisha,India RudraN.Sahoo Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem,Israel S.Sharma TheMarianSmoluchowskiInstituteofPhysics,JagiellonianUniversity, Łojasiewicza11,Kraków,Poland U.Singh TheMarianSmoluchowski InstituteofPhysics,JagiellonianUniversity, Łojasiewicza11,Kraków,Poland xiii Introduction BalaramDey,SrijitBhattacharya,andNikitDeshmukh Nuclearphysicsdealswithnucleons(neutronsandprotons)withintheatomicnucleus and the nature of the interaction between those nucleons that glue them together within the minuscule nuclear dimension of a few femtometer or 10−15 m. Piggy- backedonsomeimportantexperimentaldiscoveries,nuclearphysicsemergedasa newandseparatebranchaltogetherdifferentfromatomicphysics.In1896,thedis- coveryofradioactivitybyHenryBecquerel,albeitanaccidentalone,isconsideredas initialbreakthroughfortheseparateexistenceofthenuclearphysicsfield[1],where the keen observation was made for the well-wrapped photographic plates which were blackened when placed near the uranium ores. In the subsequent years, the phenomenonwaswidelyinvestigatedbyPierreCurie,MarieCurie,ErnestRuther- fordandhiscollaborators[1, 2]andaconclusionwasattainedfortheatomsbeing madeupofsmallerparticles,andthesecanberearranged.In1899,Rutherfordand Villard identified the radiation consisting of three distinct types—alpha, beta, and gammarays[3, 4].In1907,RutherfordandRoydsstudiedthenatureofα-particles and identify α-ray as helium ion [5], which has a positive electric charge and has aboutfourtimesthemassofahydrogenatom.ErnestRutherford,whowasloosely called “Earnest” in his childhood, actually had tremendous contributions in order toclearuptheobscurephysicsofatomicnucleuswithhis“earnest”endeavor.The seriesofexperiments[6,7]performedbyGeiger,Mersdan,andRutherfordofα-ray scatteringbythingoldfoilaretheexamplesofclassicnuclearphysicsexperiment thathelpednuclearphysicstoleapforward.Thomson’splumpuddingmodel,pre- B B.Dey( ) BankuraUniversity,Bankura,Purandarpur722155,WestBengal,India e-mail:[email protected];[email protected] S.Bhattacharya BarasatGovernmentCollege,Barasat700124,WestBengal,India N.Deshmukh SchoolofSciences,PPSavaniUniversity,Dhamdod,Kosamba,Surat394125,Gujarat,India ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2023 1 N.DeshmukhandN.Joshi(eds.),UnderstandingNuclearPhysics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8437-2_1