Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition We cannot teach people anything; we can only help them discover it Mader texts are well known for their pedagogical features, within themselves. Galileo Galilei and those for this text are described in the Guided Tour on pages xv-xx. Also, as with other Mader texts, the illustra- Over the years, it has been my privilege to meet many of the tions are excellent. adopters of my texts at various meetings around the coun- try. At one such meeting, I met a professor who told me that William J. Burke, of Madison Area Technical College, states, heand his colleagues were using my book, Human Biology “This text has some very good art. It is well labeled and has for an anatomy and physiology course because they wanted a good color scheme that helps it stand out. The inclusion of to use a Mader text. When I returned home, I pondered over the many tables and charts is also an excellent learning tool this and decided that I would write an anatomy and physi- for the students.” ology text so that professors teaching that course would My vision for Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology have a more appropriate Mader textbook. Thus, began the encompasses three goals. I want students to develop a development of this text, Understanding Human Anatomy working knowledge of (1) anatomy and physiology that is and Physiology,which is now in its fifth edition. based on conceptual understanding rather than rote mem- I wanted to write a text that would appeal to a wide au- dience_from those in traditional allied health fields to oth- ory; (2) medical terminology that will increase the stu- dent’s confidence in their chosen field; and (3) clinical ap- ers who are a bit removed from traditional endeavors. The plications to broaden their horizons beyond the core book should be clear and direct, with objectives that are principles. achievable by students who have no previous science back- ground and even by those who are science shy. This goal was Dr. Philip Swartz, of Houston Community College system, reached. writes,“Each chapter includes salient clinical concepts that will be fascinating to the reader and enhance his or her Diane Kelly, of Broome Community College, writes,“I think understanding of the material being presented.” the text is very readable, clear, and user friendly. The art is a wonderful complement to the author’s writing; together, the information is clearly presented.” Aboutthe Author Sylvia S. Mader In her 20-year career with McGraw-Hill, Dr. Mader has written an impressive collection of textbooks. Aside from Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology,now in its fifth edition, Dr. Mader has written Biology,eighth edition; Human Biology,eighth edi- tion, and Inquiry into Life,tenth edition, through which Dr. Mader has successfully helped innumerable students learn biology as well as human anatomy and physiology. Dr. Mader’s interest in anatomy and physiology began when she took courses at the Medical School of St. Andrews Uni- versity, in Scotland, during her junior year abroad. As a fledgling faculty member, she was called upon to teach a variety of courses, among them was human anatomy and physiology. As a textbook writer she discovered that the teaching and learning techniques she so successfully used in the classroom were appropriate for her biology texts and then later for her anatomy and physiology text. Dr. Mader’s direct writing style and carefully constructed pedagogy provide students with an opportunity to learn the basics of biology and anatomy and physiology. viii Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition What’sNew to ThisEdition? that are now experimental but promise to be particularly help- ful in the future. For example, a What’s New box in the first chapter tells about organs made in the laboratory that are now New Design and Illustrations being transplanted into patients. The What’s New reading in Chapter 8 describes a “pacemaker” for Parkinson disease. A new, colorful design and revised illustrations enhance the features of Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology, fifth edition. Chapter Openers Scanning electron micrographs, X-rays, and MRI images open Organization the chapters for a closer look into the wonders of the human body. The integrated outline has been retained with the addi- This edition follows the same general sequence as the earlier tion of a numbering system for each major concept found in editions. It is divided into five parts: the chapter, including the summary. Part I, “Human Organization,” provides an understanding of how the body is organized and the VisualFocus terminology used to refer to various body parts and their locations. Chapters 2 through 4 describe the chemistry Visual Focus illustrations are included in several chapters. of the cell, cell structure and function, and the tissues With the addition of boxed statements, these in-depth illustra- and membranes of the body. tions, which contain several art pieces, cover a process from Part II,“Support, Movement, and Protection,” includes start to finish. For example, Figure 7.3 outlines contraction of the integumentary system in addition to the skeletal and a muscle from the macroscopic to the microscopic perspective. muscular systems. Part III, “Integration and Coordination,” explains that Chapter End Matter the nervous and endocrine systems are vitally important to the coordination of body systems, and therefore This edition includes updated Selected New Terms, Sum- homeostasis, while the sensory system provides the maries, Study Questions, Objective Questions, Medical Ter- nervous system with information about the internal and minology Reinforcement Exercises, and Website Links to the external environments. Online Learning Center. Part IV, “Maintenance of the Body,” describes how the cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, and Objective Questions urinary systems contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis. Labeling exercises have been added to chapters 8, 11, 14, and Part V, “Reproduction and Development,” concerns the 18 to reinforce the concepts of the chapter. reproductive systems, development, and the basics of human genetics, including modern advances. Chapter Updatesand Additions Homeostasis Chapter 1: Organization ofthe Body The theme of homeostasis is strengthened in this edition. As before, Chapter 1 describes how various feedback mecha- New illustrations, tables, and a reading titled “Organs for nisms work to maintain the internal environment within a Transplant” introduce the student to the human body. The narrow range. New to this edition, each systems chapter ends discussion of negative feedback now includes temperature with a major section on homeostasis to accompany the “Hu- control as an example and also includes a discussion of posi- man Systems Work Together” illustration. This section de- tive feedback, as requested by reviewers. scribes how the system under discussion, with the help of the other systems, maintains homeostasis. Chapter 2: ChemistryofLife This chapter has been reorganized and rewritten to help stu- New Readings dents understand fundamental chemistry concepts. Carbohy- Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology, fifth edition, has drates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids each have their own two types of readings. Previously, the book had two types of major section. readings called Medical Focus and MedAlert. In this edition, the readings are Medical Focus and What’s New. Some of the Chapter 3: CellStructure and Function Medical Focus readings from the fourth edition have been re- moved, and most of the others have been revised. The What’s Cellular Organization, Crossing the Plasma Membrane, and New readings, which are new to this edition, tell of treatments The Cell Cycle are clearly defined as chapter sections. Tables Preface ix Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition 3.1, 3.2, and all art are new to this edition. The Medical Focus Chapter 10: The Endocrine System reading, “Dehydration and Water Intoxication” is also new to An overview of the endocrine glands now precedes an im- this edition. proved discussion of each gland. A new illustration shows how the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex are in- Chapter 4: BodyTissuesand Membranes volved in short-term and long-term stress, respectively. Other new illustrations pertain to regulation of blood cal- Each type of tissue now has its own major section. In addition cium, regulation of blood pressure, Addison disease, and to body membranes, connections between cells and different Cushing syndrome. The chapter also includes a discussion types of glands are discussed in respective sections. Art and ta- of chemical signals in general and how hormones affect cel- bles have been revised for this chapter. lular metabolism. Chapter 5: The IntegumentarySystem Chapter 11: Blood Section 5.5. Homeostasis is new to this edition. It shows how A detailed description of the composition and function of the various functions of the skin assist the body in maintain- blood now opens the chapter. There follows a more compre- ing homeostasis. Also discussed are hyperthermia and hy- hensive look at the formed elements. The section on platelets pothermia, which occur when homeostasis has been over- centers around hemostasis, including coagulation. The trans- come. The section is accompanied by an updated Human port function of blood is illustrated by considering capillary Systems Work Together illustration. exchange. The last section of the chapter, Blood Typing and Transfusions, is supported by new art that clearly illustrates Chapter 6: The SkeletalSystem blood types and agglutination. New illustrations, each of which is on the same or a facing Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System page to its reference, much improve this chapter. More infor- mation is given about each bone and joint discussed. The An overview of the cardiovascular system, supported by an chapter ends with a review of the many ways the skeletal sys- illustration, offers a much-improved introduction to the tem helps maintain homeostasis. chapter, which has been reorganized into five parts: the anatomy of the heart, the physiology of the heart, the Chapter 7: The Muscular System anatomy of blood vessels, the physiology of circulation, and circulatory routes. A better discussion of cardiac output The first two illustrations in this chapter are new: The first and peripheral resistance improves the presentation of the shows the three types of muscles, and the second describes the chapter. connective tissue coverings within and around a skeletal mus- cle. Instructors and students will appreciate the new in-depth Chapter 13: The LymphaticSystem and Body discussion of the sources of energy for muscle contraction, Defenses which is also accompanied by a new illustration. As requested by reviewers, the lymphatic organs are now Chapter 8: The NervousSystem divided into those that are primary and those that are sec- ondary. The discussion of specific immunity is much im- This chapter was rewritten. In particular, the discussion of the proved by new illustrations depicting the action of B cells cerebrum has been expanded to include not only the various and T cells. A new reading on emerging diseases modernizes lobes but also the areas within these lobes. The somatic sys- the chapter. tem of the peripheral nervous system is now clearly defined, and the spinal reflex has been moved to this section. New il- Chapter 14: The RespiratorySystem lustrations support improved discussions of all aspects of the nervous system. An improved Table 14.1, which includes a description of the respiratory organs, adds to the discussion of the respiratory system. The respiratory membrane is better described and is Chapter 9: The SensorySystem accompanied by a new illustration. The section entitled Types of senses, rather than types of receptors, are now used to Mechanism of Breathing is better organized so that regulation organize this chapter. The discussions of the anatomy and of breathing rates now has its own subsection. Following physiology of the eye and ear are better organized, with an em- reviewers’ suggestions, the chapter is more student friendly phasis on how information regarding vision and sound is gen- because gas exchange and transport no longer require a erated and transmitted to the brain. The sense of equilibrium knowledge of partial pressures. All readings are new or exten- is now divided into rotational and gravitational equilibrium. sively revised. x Preface Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition Chapter 15: The Digestive System Teaching and Learning New illustrations of stomach and small intestine anatomy Supplements add to the improved and extended discussion of these topics. Chemical digestion now benefits by having its own separate McGraw-Hill offers various tools and teaching products to section. The Medical Focus reading “Human Teeth” has been support the fifth edition of Understanding Human Anatomy & moved to a logical location early in the chapter. Liver struc- Physiology. Students can order supplemental study materials ture, function, and disorders are more logically and thor- by contacting their local bookstore. Instructors can obtain oughly presented. The chapter ends with an added discussion teaching aids by calling the Customer Service Department at of three eating disorders: obesity, bulimia nervosa, and 800-338-3987, visiting our A & P website at www.mhhe.com, anorexia nervosa. or contacting their local McGraw-Hill sales representative. TheDigital Content Manager,0-07-246443-7, is a multime- dia collection of visual resources that allows instructors to Chapter 16: The UrinarySystem and Excretion utilize artwork from the text in multiple formats to create The functions of the urinary system are discussed more thor- customized classroom presentations, visually-based tests and oughly than in the fourth edition. The discussion of a quizzes, dynamic course website content, or attractive nephron has been improved by the addition of micrographs. printed support materials. The digital assets on this cross- The role of the loop of the nephron and various hormones in platform CD-ROM are grouped by chapter within the follow- water reabsorption is better explained, and the topic of acid- ing easy-to-use folders. base balance has been expanded to discuss all the ways the • Active Art Library Key Process Figures are saved in ma- body can adjust the pH of the blood. The chapter ends with a nipulable layers that can be isolated and customized to discussion of treatments for kidney failure. meet the needs of the lecture environment. Chapter 17: The Reproductive System The topic of meiosis has been moved to this chapter so that spermatogenesis and oogenesis can be better understood by students. Coverage of the reproductive organs has been im- proved by the inclusion of both sagittal and posterior views of the systems. Following reviewers’ suggestions, the menstrual (instead of the ovarian and uterine cycles) is discussed. New Health Focuses are provided on endocrine-disrupting con- taminants, shower checks for cancer, and preventing trans- mission of STDs. Chapter 18: Human Developmentand Birth The addition of new figures depicting fertilization, extraem- bryonic membranes, and the primary germ layers improves this chapter. Extensive revision is obvious due to the addition of new readings entitled “Therapeutic Cloning” and “Prevent- • Animations Library Numerous full-color ing Birth Defects.” A discussion of the development of male animations of key physiological processes are and female organs has been added, and the chapter ends with provided. Harness the visual impact of processes in a new and extended discussion of the effects of pregnancy on motion by importing these files into classroom pre- the mother. sentations or course websites. • Art Libraries Full-color digital files of all illustrations in the book, plus the same art saved in Chapter 19: Human Genetics unlabeled and gray scale versions, can be readily Aside from having all sections revised and updated, the chap- incorporated into lecture presentations, exams, or ter uses cystic fibrosis to show the connection between a ge- custom-made classroom materials. These images are netic disorder and the function of a protein and to illustrate also pre-inserted into blank PowerPoint slides for the levels of genetic counseling, from doing a pedigree to per- ease of use. forming a preimplantation genetic study. The chapter ends • Photo Libraries Digital files of instructionally signif- with a Medical Focus outlining the future benefits from the icant photographs from the text—including cadaver, modern field of genomics. bone, histology, and surface anatomy images—can be reproduced for multiple classroom uses. Preface xi Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition • PowerPoints Ready-made image presentations cover each of the 19 chapters of the text. Tailor the PowerPoints to reflect your preferred lecture topics and sequences. • Tables Library Every table that appears in the text is provided in electronic form. You can quickly preview images and incorporate them into PowerPoint or other presentation programs to create your own multimedia presentations. You can also re- move and replace labels to suit your own preferences in terminology or level of detail. Instructor Testing and Resource CD-ROM,0-07-246441-0, is a cross-platform CD-ROM providing a wealth of resources for the instructor. Supplements featured on this CD-ROM include a computerized test bank utilizing Brownstone Diploma® testing software to quickly create customized content (and nearly every body system) including Urinary, exams. This user-friendly program allows instructors to Skeletal, Reproductive, Nervous, Muscular, Immune, Diges- search for questions by topic or format, edit existing tive, Circulatory, and Endocrine. The Interactive Clinical questions or add new ones, and scramble questions and an- Resource CD-ROM may be used as a classroom lecture tool or swer keys for multiple versions of the same test. study guide for students post lecture. Students can use the Interactive Clinical Resource CD-ROM to play the 3D anima- Other assets on the Instructor’s Testing and Resource CD- tions, explore the 3D models, print the associated text, and ROM are grouped within easy-to-use folders. The Instructor’s view the slides with labels and definitions of key structures re- Manual and Clinical Applications Manual are available in lated to the disease/disorder. Students will learn how the var- both Word and PDF formats. Word files of the test bank are ious diseases/disorders affect the human body system along included for those instructors who prefer to work outside of with possible treatments. The Interactive Clinical Resource the test generator software. CD-ROM is the perfect way to reinforce and relate the physio- TheInstructor’s Manual,by Dr. Patrick Galliart includes chapter logical concepts taught in the classroom to real life. summaries and outlines, suggested student activities, answers to Online Learning Center(http://www.mhhe.com/maderap5) objective questions and to medical terminology reinforcement The OLC offers an extensive array of learning and teaching exercises, and a list of audiovisual materials. The Instructor’s tools. The site includes quizzes for each chapter, links to Manual is available on Instructor Testing and Resource CD- websites related to each chapter, clinical applications, ROM and the Instructor Edition of the Online Learning Center. interactive activities, art labeling exercises, and case studies. McGraw-Hill provides 200 Overhead Transparencies, Instructor resources at the site include lecture outlines, 0-07-246438-0 of key text line art and photographs. technology resources, clinical applications, and case studies. English/Spanish Glossary for Anatomy and Physiology, • Student Center, OnlineEssential Study Partner 0-07-283118-9, is a complete glossary that includes every key The ESP contains 120 animations and more than term used in a typical anatomy and physiology course. 800 learning activities to help your students grasp Definitions are provided in both English and Spanish. A complex concepts. Interactive diagrams and quizzes phonetic guide to pronunciation follows each word in the will make learning stimulating and fun for your stu- glossary. dents. The Essentials Study Partner can be accessed via the Online Learning Center. Course Delivery SystemsWith help from our partners, WebCT, Blackboard, TopClass, eCollege, and other course management systems, professors can take complete control over their course content. These course cartridges also provide online testing and powerful student tracking features. Understanding Human Anatomy & PhysiologyOnline Learning Center is available within all of these platforms. For the Student Interactive Clinical Resource CD-ROM TheInteractive Clinical Resource CD-ROMoffers one hun- dred fifty-one 3D animations and 3D models of human dis- ease and disorders. It also contains 13 sections of clinical xii Preface Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition • Live News Feeds TheAnatomy and Physiology Laboratory Textbook Essentials The OLC offers course specific real-time news Version,0-07-232363-9, by Gunstream, contains several frog articles to help students stay current with the latest dissections and may be used with any anatomy and physiol- topics in anatomy and physiology. ogy text. • Tutorial Service Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual-Fetal Pig This free “homework hotline” offers you the opportu- Dissection,Second Edition0-07-243814-2, by Terry R. Mar- nity to discuss text questions with our A&P consultant. tin, Kishwaukee College, provides excellent full-color photos • GetBodySmart.com is an online examination of of the dissected fetal pig with corresponding labeled art. It human anatomy and physiology. This program is includes World Wide Web activities for many chapters. available on the Student Edition of the Online Learn- ing Center. • Access Scienceis the online version of McGraw-Hill’s Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. Link to this Virtual Anatomy Dissection Review, CD-ROM, site free of charge from the Online Learning Center. 0-07-285621-1, by John Waters, Pennsylvania State Physiology Interactive Lab Simulations (Ph.I.L.S) University. This multimedia program contains vivid, high 0-07-287167-9 quality, labeled cat dissection photographs. The program The Ph.I.L.S CD-ROM contains eleven laboratory helps students easily identify and review the corresponding simulations that allow students to perform experiments structures and functions between the cat and the human without using expensive lab equipment or live animals. This body. easy-to-use software offers students the flexibility to change Laboratory Atlas of Anatomy and Physiology,fourth edition, the parameters of every lab experiment, with no limit to the 0-07-243810-X, by Eder et al., is a full-color atlas containing amount of times a student can repeat experiments or modify histology, human skeletal anatomy, human muscular variables. This power to manipulate each experiment anatomy, dissections, and reference tables. reinforces key physiology concepts by helping students to view outcomes, make predictions, and draw conclusions. Preface xiii Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition Acknowledgments Fifth Edition Reviewers I would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of all Karen Magatagan professors and their students who have provided detailed rec- Cochise College ommendations for improving chapter content and illustra- Jacqueline S. McLaughlin tions for the fifth edition. Pennsylvania State University—Berks/Lehigh Valley Bert Atsma Kenneth Moore Union County College Seattle Pacific University William J. Burke Albert Moraska Madison Area Technical College Boulder College of Massage Therapy Richard Ceroni Scott Murdoch Carnegie Institute of Integrative Medicine Moraine Valley Community College Jay P. Clymer III Linda R. Nichols Marywood University Santa Fe Community College Mark Eberle Robin R. Patterson Central Oregon Community College Butler County Community College Diana Godish Susan Pazynski Ball State University Glen Oaks Community College Michelle A. Green Joel H. Scott Alfred State College Blue Cliff College Gary W. Hunt Marilyn M. Shannon Tulsa Community College Indiana University-Purdue University—Fort Wayne Dianne M. Jedlicka F. Christopher Sowers The School of the Art Institute of Chicago Wilkes Community College Geoffrey Jowett Michael Squires Savannah College of Art and Design Columbus State Community College Diane M. Kelly James D. Tipton Broome Community College Chattahoochee Valley Community College Kenneth M. Kosten Harry A. Tracy, Jr. Community College of Denver University of Texas at San Antonio John J. Kulig Ricky K. Wong Central Massachusetts School of Massage and Therapy Los Angeles Trade-Technical College xiv Preface Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition • Studentsdevelop a working knowledge ofanatomyand physiologybased upon conceptualunderstanding. • ClinicalApplicationsbroaden students’ horizonsbeyond the core principles. • Self-confidence increasesasstudentsmaster medicalterminologyand keyconcepts. Art Program Artpresentsand reinforcesthe dynamicprocesses chapter within the human body. The Muscular System DynamicPhotos give studentsa closer lookinside the wondersofthe human Scanning electron micrograph ofmotor bodythrough the technologyofscanning electron micrographs. nmeuusrcolnes fitbeermrsi.n Aa tminugs aclte fiber receivesthe stimulusto contractata neuromuscular junction. chapter outline & learning objectives Afteryou have studied thischapter, you should be able to: 7.1Functionsand TypesofMuscles 7.3Muscle Responses(p. 122) 7.6Homeostasis(p. 136) Muscle bmfiubunesdcr llehe a ofsifberssmfibkueemfslirebcuteleasrlcle T tubules nucleus sarcoplasmsreatriccuolpulmasmiccsatolcraiugme sites one myofibril ■■■7■C((pp.o2..nDmtDmNmNfi 11hbeiaatuuu11serMsemmssst 64acbricccee,nr))o ilclli ageee catbdtnhs.sunreyi.d,eiood . sta hcdhsndnoee cidb mss oco ecctopfeturpwniolsSblinnescwekeeefi hctnAnehvtet iletnesvreh e efaofeut u tftt anhntiaohsclce strsmtyMieuikooeaeeynn rusltsee yoaso toplfafoncfeelaclsdsama ekscoteuk heflesd.elc teilanetlal (■■7■■■p.4.CwrCfiDaGnDm 1ecooabeiihas2svhmnnSseojpceioctt4relueokrrsrereaav)sdin . exbsessms.sakett lethumee sthstoshlhltepeowiceaen tllwm ea e rlmltsle-o ohiMtmsunctvwepoas eu tiub otcmthssiclnooshecehedsnl oscn leeyaaswltwss.nbea ooodhoonsfrf fordfkaaeaawo taatsb o mfomctcor-ghttuntyuiew hosebswtcn.iehoctilslcdtee ehhBro ysfi fttmorbaohteedhruegeresiyi roacnlne.d ■■VAMBneinaesDohDsmteootoeedfiuuhmmmsstseiacscceyercrrlo liioseoobabfsysffFeeEtls.ta aoxhsht FseeMoeocimroms wcusu.sisec estcsr oheucilfo eeo(stup mmFhs.i embu1d 3esboi5rscon )ue(d pmalya.s ur1te os1ss7cymt)lsheat aeditnmistc aoawirnnod arekfrfssewca many myofibrils. Z line one sarcomere Z line sarcolemma ■■EiDmnxeunpsselccarrvliienba techeo ohdnwo tawr nsa dkAce tThilPoeo ntwias. ltmmhaeudysecc olaenv fiatribalaecbrts.lea froer 7■.5DcwheeaEs ancfggrfieeeb.sce ttthshaeot aofncAactugorm iinni cgtah le(ap mn.d u1 sp3chu4yl)sairo sloygstiecaml as Myofibril has many sarcomeres. 113 cross-bridge Sisa rrecloamxeedr.e myosin actin Z line AH bzaonnde I band VisualFocus illustratesdifficultconceptsthatrelate Sisa croconmtraecrteed. structure to function, using a step-by- step process. Figure 7.3 Anatomyofa muscle fiber. A muscle fiber containsmanymyofibrilswith the componentsshown. A myofibrilhasmany sarcomeresthatcontain myosin and actin filamentswhose arrangementgivesrise to the striationsso characteristicofskeletalmuscle. Muscle contraction occurswhen sarcomerescontractand actin filamentsslide pastmyosin filaments. Chapter 7The Muscular System 117 Figure 7.15Musclesofthe posterior shoulder. The righttrapeziusisremoved to show deep musclesthatmove the scapula and the New and Revised Art rotator cuffmuscles. focuseson the main conceptsbyusing concise labeling methodologythat trapezius keepsstudentsfrom getting bogged deltoid rcoutfaftor down with excessive detail. muscles latissimus dorsi “The most beautiful thing we can experience Musclesof the Abdominal Wall Musclesofthe Shoulder is the mysterious. It is the source of all true The abdominal wall has no bony reinforcement (Fig. 7.14). Muscles of the shoulder are shown in Figures 7.14 and 7.15. The wall is strengthened by four pairs of muscles that run at They are also listed in Table 7.4 on page 130. The muscles of art and science.” angles to one another. The external and internal obliques and the shoulder attach the scapula to the thorax and move the the transversus abdominis occur laterally, but the fasciae of scapula; they also attach the humerus to the scapula and these muscle pairs meet at the midline of the body, forming a move the arm. – Albert Einstein tendinous area called the linea alba. The rectus abdominis is fiil dil i f l xv Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004 Physiology, Fifth Edition bFyigthuer pee r6io.s2teuAmn aetxocmepytoaftat hloen egp bipohnyes.e as.,A w lhoincgh baoren eco ivseernecda bsyed Macro to Micro Presentation articular cartilage. Spongybone ofthe epiphysescontainsred bone marrow. The diaphysiscontainsyellow bone marrow and is bordered bycompactbone. b.The detailed anatomyofspongy helpsstudentsmake the connection between bone and compactbone isshown in the enlargement, along with a blowup ofan osteocyte in a lacuna. grossanatomyand microscopicanatomy. epiphyseal plates Epiphysis articular cartilage spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) compact bone periosteum endosteum osteon medullary Spongy Bone lamella cavity (contains blood yellow bone vessel marrow) Diaphysis trabeculae canaliculi Compact Bone 4.2 Connective Tissue pcehlylss,i ccaoln pnreocptievret iteisss uoef peproitpheerltiiaels taisresu leasr gaerley ddeerriivveedd ffrroomm thites b. owsittheioncyte blood vessels central canal Cafanotd.n Tnphereoc ttbievocetdi toyi nsus, usfieesll bst ihnsipdsa ssc tseotsrr,u epcdtr uofardetu sf coteorsg eebntlhoeerogrd,y p, crienolvslsui,d laaetnsi odsun sp,t poaornerdst cfihbaerrTasch cteeo rnfiistbtaieicnrss ocwofl ltiahthgeei nnm, ataht resiux m b(sTataatbrnilxce e 4a tr.h2ea )o.t fg itvherse teh tey fipbese.r sW flheixtie- lacuna organ protection. As a rule, connective tissue cells are widely bility and strength. Yellow fibers contain elastin,which is not Epiphysis separated by an extracellular matrixcomposed of an organic as strong as collagen but is more elastic. Reticular fibersare very ground substancethat contains fibersand varies in consistency thin, highly branched, collagenous fibers that form delicate from solid to semifluid to fluid. Whereas the functional and supporting networks. a. Humerus Figure 4.5Loose (areolar) connective tissue. Thistissue hasa loose networkoffibers. Chapter 6The SkeletalSystem 85 ground substance fibroblast elastic fiber Correlation ofPhotomicrographs cfioblelargenous with Line Art Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue makesiteasier for studentsto identifyspecific LBoectwateieonn :muscles; beneath the skin; beneath most epithelial layers structures. FBuinndcsti oonrg:ans together Plate 6The torso asviewed with the heart, liver, stomach, and portionsofthe smalland large intestinesremoved. (a. (cid:1)artery; m.(cid:1)muscle; v. (cid:1)vein.) right internal jugular v. esophagus right common carotid a. tleraftc shuebaclavian a. left subclavian v. left brachiocephalic v. superior vena cava arch of aorta right bronchus pericardial cavity esophagus descending aorta pleural cavity diaphragm Reference Figures spleen ofthe human bodyhave been iandfererinoar lv gelnaan dcava celiac a. added to give studentsan pancreas right kidney left kidney additionalresource in the study duodenum superior mesenteric a. inferior mesenteric a. ofbodystructure. superior mesenteric v. left common iliac a. ureter sartorius m. (cut) dcoelsocne n(cduint)g sigmoid colon tensor fascia latae m. (cut) ovary uterus rectus femoris m. (cut) urinary bladder rectus femoris m. symphysis pubis adductor brevis m. adductor longus m. vastus lateralis m. gracilis m. vastus intermedius m. AppendixA 409 xvi