N IN T H E D IT IO N U n d e rs ta n d in g English G r a m m a r Martha Kolln Robert Funk English Grammar N I N T H E D I T I O N Martha Kolln The Pennsylvania State University Robert Funk Eastern Illinois University PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Senior Sponsoring Editor: Cover Designer/Manager: Katharine Glynn W endy Ann Fredericks Assistant Editor: Rebecca Gilpin Cover Photo: © iStockphoto Senior Marketing Manager: Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Sandra McGuire Roy Pickering Senior Supplements Editor: Printer/Binder: Courier Corporation / Donna Campion Westford Production Manager: Denise Phillip Cover Printer: Courier Corporation / Project Coordination, Text Design, and Westford Electronic Page Makeup: S4Carlisle Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kolln, Martha. Understanding English grammar / Martha Kolln, Robert Funk.— 9th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Previous ed.: 2009. ISB N -13: 978-0-205-20952-1 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-205-20952-1 (alk. paper) 1. English language— Grammar. I. Funk, Robert. II. Title. PEI 112.K64 2011 428.2— dc23 2011028417 Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. M anufactured in the U nited States o f America. This p u b ­ lication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 — V013— 14 13 12 PEARSON ISBN 10: 0-205-20952-1 www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN 13: 978-0-205-20952-1 Contents Preface xvii P A R T I Introduction 1 C h a p t e r 1 The Study o f Grammar: An Overview 3 English: A World Language 3 Three Definitions of Grammar 4 Traditional School Grammar 5 Modern Linguistics 6 Structural Grammar 6 Transformational Grammar 7 The Issue of Correctness 8 Language Variety 10 Language Change 11 Language in the Classroom 12 Key Terms 13 Further Reading 13 T p a r t i The Grammar o f Basic Sentences 15 C h a p t e r 2 Words an d Phrases 16 Chapter Preview 16 Contents The Form Classes 16 Nouns and Verbs 17 The Noun Phrase 18 The Verb Phrase 19 NP + VP = S 20 Adjectives and Adverbs 22 Prepositional Phrases 24 The Structure Classes 26 Key T erms 27 C h a p t e r 3 Sentence Patterns 28 Chapter Preview 28 Subjects and Predicates 29 The Sentence Slots 30 The Be Patterns 32 The Linking Verb Patterns 35 The Optional Slots 37 The Intransitive Verb Pattern 38 Exceptions to the Intransitive Pattern 39 Intransitive Phrasal Verbs 40 The Transitive Verb Patterns 42 Transitive Phrasal Verbs 43 The Indirect Object Pattern 44 The Object Complement Patterns 47 Compound Structures 49 Exceptions to the Ten Sentence Patterns 51 Sentence Types 51 Interrogative Sentences (Questions) 52 Imperative Sentences (Commands) 53 Exclamatory Sentences 54 Punctuation and the Sentence Patterns 54 Diagramming the Sentence Patterns 55 Notes on the Diagrams 56 The Main Line 56 The Noun Phrase 56 The Verb Phrase 57 The Prepositional Phrase 58 Contents Compound Structures 58 Punctuation 58 Key Terms 59 Sentences for Practice 59 Questions for Discussion 60 Classroom Applications 62 C h a p t e r 4 Expanding the M ain Verb 63 Chapter Preview 63 The Five Verb Forms 63 The Irregular Be 65 Auxiliary-Verb Combinations 66 The Modal Auxiliaries 70 The “Future Tense” 72 The Subjunctive Mood 73 Tense and Aspect 74 Using the Verb Forms 75 Exceptions to the Verb-Expansion Rule 76 The Stand-In Auxiliary Do 17 The Verb System of African American Vernacular English 80 Key Terms 82 Sentences for Practice 82 Questions for Discussion 83 Classroom Application 84 C h a p t e r 5 Changing Sentence Focus 8 6 Chapter Preview 86 The Passive Voice 86 The Passive Get 89 The Transitive-Passive Relationship 90 Patterns VIII to X in Passive Voice 90 Changing Passive Voice to Active 92 The Passive Voice in Prose 93 Other Passive Purposes 94 The There Transformation 95 Cleft Sentences 98 x Contents Key Terms 100 Sentences for Practice 101 Questions for Discussion 102 Classroom Applications 103 P A R T I I I Expanding the Sentence 105 Form and Function 105 C h a p t e r 6 Modifiers o f the Verb: Adverbials 108 Chapter Preview 108 The Movable Adverbials 109 Adverbs 109 Prepositional Phrases 112 Nouns and Noun Phrases 114 Verb Phrases 117 Dangling Infinitives 119 Participles as Adverbials 121 Clauses 121 Punctuation of Adverbials 123 Key Terms 125 Sentences for Practice 126 Questions for Discussion 126 Classroom Application 127 C h a p t e r 7 Modifiers o f the Noun: Adjectivals 128 Chapter Preview 128 The Determiner 130 Adjectives and Nouns 131 Prenoun Participles 133 Prepositional Phrases 136 Relative Clauses 138 Participial Phrases 143 Passive Participles 146 Movable Participles 147 The Participle as Object Complement 148 Participles as Adverbials or Adjectivals 151 Contents Punctuation of Clauses and Participles 151 Multiple Modifiers 155 Other Postnoun Modifiers 156 Infinitives 156 Noun Phrases 157 Adjectives 157 Adverbs 158 Key Terms 159 Sentences for Practice 159 Questions for Discussion 160 Classroom Applications 162 C h a p t e r 8 The Noun Phrase Functions: Nominals 163 Chapter Preview 163 The Nominal Slots 164 Appositives 164 Punctuation of Appositives 165 Noun Phrase Substitutes 166 Gerunds 166 The Pattern of the Gerund 169 The Subject of the Gerund 171 Dangling Gerunds 171 Infinitives 173 The Subject of the Infinitive 175 Nominal Clauses 177 The Expletive That 178 Interrogatives 180 Yes/No Interrogatives 182 Punctuation of Nominal Clauses 183 Nominals as Delayed Subjects 184 Key Terms 185 Sentences for Practice 185 Questions for Discussion 186 Classroom Applications 187 C h a p t e r 9 Sentence Modifiers 189 Chapter Preview 189 xii Contents Nouns of Direct Address: The Vocatives 193 Interjections 194 Subordinate Clauses 195 Punctuation of Subordinate Clauses 196 Elliptical Clauses 197 Absolute Phrases 199 Appositives 202 Relative Clauses 203 Key Terms 204 Sentences for Practice 205 Questions for Discussion 205 Classroom Applications 207 C h a p t e r 1 0 Coordination 209 Chapter Preview 209 Coordination Within the Sentence 209 Punctuation 209 Elliptical Coordinate Structures 212 Subject-Verb Agreement 213 Parallel S tructure 215 Coordinating Complete Sentences 216 Conjunctions 216 Semicolons 218 Colons 219 Diagramming the Compound Sentence Key T erms 221 Sentences for Practice 221 Questions for Discussion 222 Classroom Applications 223 P A R T IV Words and W ord Classes 225 C h a p t e r 1 1 Morphemes 2 2 7 Chapter Preview 227 Bases and Affixes 229 Bound and Free Morphemes 229 Contents xiii Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes 230 Allomorphs 233 Homonyms 234 Compound Words 235 Key Terms 236 Questions for Discussion 236 Classroom Applications 238 C h a p t e r 12 The Form Classes 239 Chapter Preview 239 Nouns 239 Noun Derivational Suffixes 240 Noun Inflectional Suffixes 241 The Meaning of the Possessive Case 244 Irregular Plural Inflections 245 Plural-Only Forms 246 Collective Nouns 246 Semantic Features of Nouns 247 Verbs 250 Verb Derivational Affixes 250 Verb Inflectional Suffixes 251 Adjectives 252 Adjective Derivational Suffixes 252 Adjective Inflectional Suffixes 253 Subclasses of Adjectives 255 Adverbs 257 Adverb Derivational Suffixes 257 Adverb Inflectional Suffixes 259 Key Terms 260 Questions for Discussion 261 Classroom Applications 263 C h a p t e r 13 The Structure Classes 265 Chapter Preview 265 Determiners 265 The Expanded Determiner 269 Auxiliaries 270 Qualifiers 272