PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS, MOTIVATIONS AND ACTIONS UNDERSTANDING EMOTIONS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. P E , SYCHOLOGY OF MOTIONS M A OTIVATIONS AND CTIONS Additional books and e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS, MOTIVATIONS AND ACTIONS UNDERSTANDING EMOTIONS MICHAEL A. CARR EDITOR Copyright © 2021 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. https://doi.org/10.52305/EMTX5720 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication. Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description. This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com. Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN. For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: [email protected]. 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In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:72)(cid:16)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:12) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Emotion Regulation Psychotherapies: Revisiting Past and Present Researches and Moving toward Future Directions 1 Behrooz Afshari, Ali Keyhani, Zohreh Balagabri, Behnoosh Aramfar, Nouroozali Vaseghi, Farkhondeh Vaseghi and Tannaz Sayekooyi Chapter 2 Interpreting the Interaction of Emotions and Clinical Reasoning Processes on Medical Students’ Diagnostic Performance 33 Alejandra Ruiz-Segura and Susanne P. Lajoie Chapter 3 Emotions in Collective Identity: Group-Based Emotions, Empathy and Emotion Regulation toward the Past 79 Cesar Lopez, Sara P. Vilas and Margarita G. Márquez vi Contents Chapter 4 Development of Understanding of Guilt from Early to Middle Childhood in Japanese Children 113 M. Hasegawa Chapter 5 What We Buy and How We Feel: The Impacts of Consumers’ Purchases on Their Happiness 139 Farbod Fakhreddin Index 159 PREFACE Emotion represents a core element of human life, as our thoughts and behavior are influenced by the complex and interrelated set of feelings we all experience. As such, developing an understanding of the role emotion plays in human psychology is essential not only in the treatment of mental illnesses, but for the optimization of overall well-being. This book includes five chapters, each presenting research concerning various aspects of emotion. Chapter one discusses the most effective treatments for emotion dysregulation and emotional disorders, focusing on therapies that target emotional regulation. Chapter two examines the impact of emotions on learning processes, particularly how emotions evolve in the context of clinical reasoning, which aims to reduce the incidence of medical errors. Chapter three draws from socio-cognitive and cultural studies to analyze the relations between emotions and social representations of the past. Chapter Four introduces three studies on Japanese children’s understanding of guilt. Finally, chapter five presents an integrated view of current studies on how consumers’ purchases impact their emotions, particularly their happiness. Chapter 1 - Emotion regulation refers to the processes we use to reduce, maintain, or increase an emotion or aspects of an emotion. Often, we want to reduce the intensity of painful emotions or, if possible, completely eliminate them. However, sometimes we really want to viii Michael A. Carr increase an emotion (for example, people who feel depressed may want to increase their feelings of happiness). Both are considered as emotion regulation. Individuals who are unable to control their emotions often find it difficult to identify or label the emotion they are feeling, how to feel it, and how to express emotion effectively. As a result, they have difficulty to cope with the emotions they experience. In this chapter, the authors will discuss the most effective treatments for emotion dysregulation and emotional disorders. The goal of emotion regulation skills is to reduce mood instability. Also, emotion regulation therapies integrate principles from traditional and contemporary skills and focus on motivational responses. This emphasis permits identification of cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and motivational mechanisms to generate more targeted solutions for clients and patients. In essence, contrasting a client’s difficulties with what the authors understand as normative functioning allows us to create theory-driven hypotheses that form basis of our case conceptualization and treatment planning. In this chapter, the authors will address Emotion Regulation Therapy, some information about emotions, and explain why we need emotion regulation skills. Then, the authors will introduce important and new emotion regulation psychotherapies comprising Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Mindfulness- Based Cognitive Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Chapter 2 - Medical errors have dangerous consequences for patients’ recovery and are costly to health care systems. Understanding clinical reasoning processes can inform better instruction of these skills and ultimately reduce medical errors. Recent research demonstrates that medical students’ affective responses during their clinical reasoning about clinical cases impact their diagnostic outcomes (Jarrell 2015). This chapter further addresses this finding by synthesizing literature that examines the impact of emotions on learning processes, particularly how emotions evolve in the context of clinical reasoning. In general, clinical reasoning skills are inferred from diagnostic results and then compared to other performance outcomes, such as course grades (Artino et al. 2014) or medical practices (Dunphy et al. 2010). The authors argue that discrete