6th Edition UNDERSTANDING COMPUTERS IN A CHANGING SOCIETY DEBORAH MORLEY Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. 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Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, © 2015, 2013 Cengage Learning 6th Edition WCN: 02-200-203 Deborah Morley Vice President, General Manager: Dawn Gerrain ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, Product Director: Kathleen McMahon electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, Product Team Manager: Donna Gridley scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information Director, Development: Marah Bellegarde storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18 17 16 15 14 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. PREFACE I n today’s technology-oriented society, computers and technology impact virtually everyone’s life. U nderstanding Computers in a Changing Society, 6th Edition is designed to ensure that students are current and informed in order to thrive in our technology-oriented, global society. With this new edition, students not only learn about relevant cutting-edge technology trends, but they also gain a better understanding of technology in general and the important issues surrounding technology today. This information gives students the knowledge they need to succeed in today’s world. This nontechnical, introductory text explains in straightforward terms the importance of learning about computers and other computing devices, the various types of devices and their components, the principles by which computers work, the practical applications of computers and related technologies, the ways in which the world is being changed by these technologies, and the associated risks and other potential implications of computers and related technologies. The goal of this text is to provide readers with a solid knowledge of computing fundamentals, an understanding of the impact of our technology-oriented society, and a framework for using this knowledge effectively in their lives. KEY FEATURES Just like its previous editions, Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 6th Edition provides current and comprehensive coverage of important topics. Flexible organization and an engaging presentation, combined with a variety of learning tools associated with each chapter, help students master the important computing concepts they will encounter in school, on the job, and in their personal lives. Currency and Accuracy The state-of-the-art content of this book reflects the latest technologies, trends, and classroom needs. To reflect the importance of mobile computing today, the entire text has an increased emphasis on smartphones, media tablets, mobile apps, and the issues that surround them, such as mobile security. All topics and figures have been updated for currency and, to ensure the content is as accurate and up to date as possible, numerous Industry Expert Reviewers pro- vided feedback and suggestions for improvements to the content in their areas of expertise. Throughout the writing and production stages, enhancements were continually made to ensure that the final product is as current and accurate as possible. Comprehensiveness and Depth Accommodating a wide range of teaching styles, Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 6th Edition provides comprehensive coverage of traditional topics while also covering relevant, up-to-the-minute new technologies and important societal issues. This edition has an increased emphasis on mobile computing, cloud applications, and social media and includes the following new topics: ➤ New hardware developments, including smartphones, media tablets, smart watches, Google Glass, hybrid notebook-tablet computers, tiny PCs like the Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. IV PREFACE Raspberry Pi and Chromecast, GPUs, immersion cooling systems, tablet and smartphone docks, personal 3D printers, projector phones, self-driving cars, self-healing devices, perceptual computing, gesture input, touch mice, eye tracking tablets, tablet storage devices, DNA data storage, and 4K (Ultra HD) Blu-ray Discs. ➤ New software developments and issues, including Windows 8, the Google Play store, mobile app builders, and the impact of cloud computing. ➤ New mobile applications, including Bring Your Own Device (BYOD), mobile ticketing, mobile data caps, group messaging, geofencing, Google Now, and mobile ergonomics. ➤ New networking technologies, including new and emerging Wi-Fi standards, the Internet of Things (IoT), Bluetooth Smart, software defined networking (SDN), and new Wi-Fi-enabled products such as smart thermostats, scales, and Wi-Fi locks. ➤ New security risks, including BYOD security issues, social media hacks, and scareware, ransomware, and chargeware. ➤ New security precautions, including digital tattoos and other emerging biometric systems, soft and hard tokens for OTPs/two-factor authentication, 3D Secure online purchase verification, wireless tethers for mobile devices, and proximity devices and apps to automatically lock and unlock a computer. ➤ New Web applications, including cloud printing, Internet monitors, virtual currency, social commerce, and social media integration. Readability CHAPTER 8 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES297 We remember more about a subject if it is made interesting and exciting, as well as TREND presented in a straightforward manner. This book is written in a conversational, down- PIcWEtmdfKinscmtptrsbnnoorhehyeahoheaniego arn cesothnaoxvt tar nerGOeiittee swiptinrneacehdcldd ct dreegeneee nodhmean et s nv ds et,efapa ep sioc, ie hsatfta t nsvttti 2 uor ra tenahl ntur i wdauiocrc0huttne kd ecdeohla rftoaele ecd0tv ac od r e lyhWtn s steeei l2oe uh htne hlefC on ynrnihama lewamfiapeti d ef tdneoicc nfccrf suabA iceauds htfimdotisoktcauihntorg pi to ntssnoe ifulcwti gfettpe pfwen u t tynosreoeo phrsitlupddibret e saorsomxfer m hi e it ol opp entlv fw tiiit 8pirPn aahianno precatdicd ehatsi kr e h r ltgoheeuhiddnneehstcetc omphevpuapi’ y sii o asnrtmiaai oereltieci som’ tnumneosnn crdtxire egvogha a nspedpoiaosdninatsnte loeswe humn i vismempnsrpr n cscetid —ieei;epgeloh nuetoto M a ccdyie,rui ionpcs tm ynut speot’.dt iisthat ia v tsnyeioabeeoolp F s laigsebor asitnsakgyau os(srote.i rea i3 dgersetr n gio aaile itna Dmersnbsgoyeef pot nno o ighe nU)ssx.fihf adw nt e au ctgRBah.Sarw umpwa m s re teeneuepjrBN ouIei uhutsi ptttpcelnt dh ii aascetL mnlaoontgupie ttbyherhsltiov trr le,onpeec l aroea wteee a,m rroanopaa wb vrs ttuig da dre n n tlaoo,Tlstc h deapiodos3 rattrvoueo inhsiiepuw nioohDsotmrPwmtdeW m etsuipiu n sasc o iua pslrctaed o ScaiedcehrshiC urolr,espfyr -oye-e aotcemsigflii vrXhesnnnra nfnruaoiiorsatzircmppbpgltudseitim u emrsteeouo utostosmsyrdieoass-t.x----tr.. l asanaggafgrwnrsloleeolaoo tsrmitseu mpwhtasiun eig cia srnds,ihet sg thusgtsaso- laar icsurfgiavloen lueyebihrfsfbs r t,ttato fieohcupdrdnaeue-liidltnfsdl cy oabitwc thoatwoihoeoiintnnf de d nc(3gdjryru aeee Do tslt oi fwhn(ta ue siepd2ns)rpu. utivDuansceatbgcgh ,rng arla aiteaeacciann esst gtdi tknovtuef eeo.rue rsoy Acen,stmb hshnaspo, eubd asaaa cl cc irpvnnhnderohoeg e aioineda ansitcnnirnso nbob,dpi )gdyene, u etxtitatcnoahc nhwgtuceeodac t pha fii h risbtmbnc yoethlgsohes r ecvat putetrretoehsep m t errerohufoisronnbessu r teyjs gme uc au hac3saencr teDnddheas, Courtesy Leap Motion tepeovxl-eepexrlaya cridtonhane ycds e ltciypfllteees.a —arlryeo neaexn pddl saeiismnigepndle yid,n w atonit huboneud tea trchscteua unrasdteae b olwfe o imtvheaornulnyt e tbre eacinhndng i wcianiltt hitm erreimdalaiintsiotnilcgo .eg xyCa. omMnpcolerepest csf oroamrme- Chapter Learning Tools RbtcoeaeFaaosatt>vimiyheenon idponfoiTetrpeat egdnadpt htwsnerg inheaubcps l xeeuaeodais Tuarloratlcsms thn-eeil mhllhe nadsoiy omo a-nap tree is8tftrenrsomiohgie vel eo-iortmeafed uzea)2ehseson -ymio zigsn t)tenevd.gcwcw a.in eht c us ienoioWc grimta Qioittsrlmedaootnaaeaonge-h lieeRydnl s dfiolath eas( nunayuehsi cgortdmntmsmm lgoc l hale o d inaa(oo iamoaoes2rea nnueeindsr. tnnnnDrrw nofdg teiet’tgslTapporo)srptn misins leehanuorvp obh l pimprsf ieo etdcebnaioo na cmcrn arnaaaraafanpecaeat cntyre tariplnsae)peeoceicc , ’,retlpsor da(saa oldoateyW n.dl bnp ll ldae n-nicFstromlti.hcd.seitydeeo almw oeaToo is,A)ba am t rsdtre.nawnbl ipr-ei btb iea.ionebeM,ile ot nmaao dstoAry nda safr sraa-taa,ucsos otb uco tdt gedeso.saascwraou gieordde tnomlnFCourtesy Google,tdai smeide o h lcm2td ,oecoxct a achDifee3t sDn serarotCourtesy of Seagate Technology LLCrhnadpo,ni ai0udot nsn a nmnoma a uubccai2psi t tbntta shn atlitptieohpeecrahoermlp as pedsoyaoldnea olWt<rrnl.pb et s mann-naatcil UGuasra )o grdvn teyeots l,riuooNeroaeblae c sfbsied ins ugsrsadernFGne(e Dxo des tidti2rtmnlilge,piItv go tsEoyis iG tDerso ota cscnwtnpeoptRarymthg fnUhkaol)nilodigta i Sfiea lec eeenti taaybRdsltoyyesh,Ta dcte ttrmh iaai,n AaEda SShYhnw p➤➤➤Alna tm daeylepa aaGrocfinN oeaaw eyanoieh mh8-r c lSgpHhSchtaraldtlrwusl rsraeoDv ira- olaalotgdaaoomorfSldmimLiSSa8 hryradDmtio igdtIsenewnvp ehcdsioug a Na lisdar sDHsaea fareieq Dietkemaeeedd smol ptiotnG.rdrrsotsmu Krdspoeoyscsgy Dtfit ssrealr—e ovnr ap apso h. a raeeimii C itaav os eaathrscagmvnrhhhhoytoolsTmyi Oeenrierspsl agaQFedtcogvhiodeeoa,neiha xusur eypMetvpdnene at-nadv cbel caT(—iRaoc rr sro leH oobcy eee , eafhegknugifPhvt ootoo n eacv.dnhr’ ta basniseetmD UeHsaPrtprvra braeuiean mnTtcaht ao e n htlt eoTxorsttemrDgycaSppodprotloaehiilsplno raErhoocotoo ad oxhhatle se Sehilbsu dvhEow c Rmaikesnobulyangtocsrm m)S oyetehe.ndtuDat f,ecs esqSt, ioyscG(fbpsdp ob perowai ep o>n eS pi ocads susrfhoQ aaz- rairraatmfcr unroIho o fouraoAolns taaooeooino elN midsDig(ooatrdR srcoorEompksmotcr tlc u wpsv srPew dp ee in rh vec r nnee cmhld ?waotAgstgsihts imid ad(sev analootadusran ed( , an een-PlQm yeotaatc e gpryeaeXttuerstCsaet a vetrhbne.nc ib non neeldCsIyenCoioreovlsulesitet enHti eal laednomnueydpdd edhaGoee i sse - 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A BbtoCp O Clbcochoooofeogoshehu orlmmxytkl dsatakhdb pl fppppoep otifaaen hauurrtttcmtceo teectt epeotceervr,eia r murr vEt diLjoO syBdoeri d xeprneKo ravoaeupa esdfnetxnnec r oeudrtaieydtnthrnpvs s s atiwettsTi li:entrc nee ihBeypcIogsgtwdnre h ;arho s c ym Ok gunattehxou sepo aaievbseH;d nclrc losejoaeaeptoho:ernon ngn em ciwIi ctndydwdntnsshii t o,s vInraah Rkaetamot errgipnaT ceuudsWl ectohi t,ecuneus e hw ctaocrotntcso , hhen fcr eohirwa dennhdksdtfn y h hgoaT siopsOi nea pltanrluGbo u totpepv tt oegdeht glpnerthxorvyeeayher,des en cave ecatys trttr hbxirha yn is eLewcroaparuddwenenpxylebia eadsld:aYt :jyl epi es FrAaIno irb;rcmlnn.no souie tsafT idr vp k tinn me rbhn heio.e i gdoe tIasearad h ensxtcstOdeateusehe senintt bein raastdcdtEs ejgt iko-ht ueelrx oree fmaac dhe prfstpbttem-lho shieattaonv weeeertas uetxrel trs ,Iot csad tea . nb ,hapow g dnttaodapkloeienp oxeu tcO afhdtasteshieths r nust nara aehr ei t ori nyodlnyil w n-. aet feature a question about a computing concept, a trend, or how computers Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. PREFACE V are used on the job or otherwise in the real world along with the TIP response from an expert. Experts for this edition include a former Navy pilot, a guitarist from a rock band, and executives from notable com- Both Facebook and Twitter allow panies like McDonald’s, SONIC, ARM, Seagate, ACM, Rhapsody, you to encrypt your connections— The Computer Ethics Institute, Sony Animations, D-Link, GreenDisk, enable this option when you are and Symantec. using a public Wi-Fi hotspot to protect your account from hackers. 5. Marginal Tips and Caution Elements: Tip marginal elements feature time- saving tips or ways to avoid a common problem or terminology mis- take, or  present students with interesting additional information related to the chapter content. Caution elements warn of a possible problem students should avoid. 6. Illustrations and Photographs: Instructive, current, full-color illustrations and photographs are used to illustrate important concepts. Figures and screen- shots show the latest hardware and software and are annotated to convey important information. 7. Summary and Key Terms: The end-of-chapter material includes a concise, section-by-section Summary of the main points in the chapter. The chapter’s Learning Objectives appear in the margin next to the relevant section of the summary so that students are better able to relate the Learning Objectives to the chapter material. Every boldfaced key term in the chapter also appears in boldface type in the summary. 8. Review Activities: End-of-chapter Review Activities allow students to test themselves on what they have just read. A matching exercise of selected Key Terms helps students test their retention of the chapter material. A Self-Quiz (with the answers listed at the end of the book) consists of ten true-false and completion questions. Five additional easily graded match- ing and short-answer Exercises are included for instructors who would like to assign graded homework. Two short Discussion Questions for each chapter provide a springboard to jump-start classroom discussions. 9. Projects: End-of-chapter Projects require stu- dents to extend their knowledge by doing research and activities beyond merely reading the book. Organized into six types of projects (Hot Topics, Short Answer/Research, Hands On, Ethics in Action, Presentation/Demonstration, and Balancing Act), the projects feature explicit instruc- tions so that students can work through them with- out additional directions from instructors and some require students to form an opinion about a current issue and discuss it in a classroom discussion or short paper. A special marginal icon denotes projects that require Internet access. References and Resources Guide A References and Resources Guide at the end of the book brings together in one con- venient location a collection of computer-related references and resources, including a Computer History Timeline, a Guide to Buying a PC, A Look at Numbering Systems feature, and a Coding Charts feature. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. VI PREFACE NEW and Updated Expert Insight Features In the exciting Expert Insight feature located at the end of the first seven chapters, industry experts provide students with personal insights on topics presented in the book, includ- ing their p ersonal experiences with technology, key points to remember, and advice for students. The experts, professionals from these major companies—D-Link, Logitech, Microsoft, McAfee, eBay, ACM/Google, and Dell—provide a unique perspective on the book’s content and how the topics dis- cussed in the text impact their lives and their industry, what it means for the future, and more! Student and Instructor Support Materials Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 6th Edition is available with a complete package of support materials for instructors and students. Included in the package are CourseMate, the Instructor Companion Site, and, if access to SAM has been purchased, SAM Computer Concepts material is available. CourseMate The Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 6th Edition includes CourseMate, which helps you make the grade. CourseMate includes: ➤ Key Term Matching and Flashcards—allow students to test their knowledge of selected chapter key terms. ➤ Interactive Quiz—allows students to test their retention of chapter concepts. ➤ Global Technology Watch—provides additional reading on the latest technology topics. ➤ Beat the Clock—allows students to test how ready they are for upcoming exams. ➤ Crossword Puzzles—incorporate the key terms from each chapter into an online interactive crossword puzzle. ➤ Online Videos—include several videos per chapter related to the topics in that chapter, as well as practical “How To” information related to chapter topics. ➤ Further Exploration—includes links to additional information about content covered in each chapter. ➤ Interactive eBook—includes highlighting, note taking, and search capabilities. ➤ Engagement Tracker—monitors student engagement in the course. ➤ Additional Resources—include additional resources that can be viewed or printed, such as Expert Insights; an Online Study Guide, Online Summary, and Online Glossary for each chapter; a Guide to Buying a PC and a Computer History Timeline; and more information about Numbering Systems and Coding Charts. (Go to cengagebrain.com to access these resources.) Instructor Companion Site Everything you need for your course in one place! This collection of book-specific lec- ture and class tools is available online via www.cengage.com/login. Access and download PowerPoint presentations, images, Instructor’s Manual, videos, and more. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. PREFACE VII Electronic Instructor’s Manual The Instructor’s Manual is written to provide instructors with practical suggestions for enhancing classroom presentations. The Instructor’s Manual provides: Lecture Notes, Teacher Tips, Quick Quizzes, Classroom Activities, Discussion Questions, Key Terms, a Chapter Quiz, and more! Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system that allows you to: ➤ Author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage Learning solutions ➤ Create multiple test versions in an instant ➤ Deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want PowerPoint Presentations This book has Microsoft PowerPoint presentations avail- able for each chapter. These are included as a teaching aid for classroom presentation, to make available to students on a network for chapter review, or to be printed for classroom distribution. Instructors can customize these presentations to cover any additional topics they introduce to the class. Figure Files for all figures in the textbook are also available online. SAM: Skills Assessment Manager SAM 2013 is designed to help bring students from the class- room to the real world. It allows students to train and test on important computer skills in an active, hands-on environ- ment. SAM’s easy-to-use system includes powerful interactive exams, training, and projects on the most commonly used Microsoft Office applications. SAM simulates the Office 2013 application environment, allowing students to demonstrate their knowledge and think through the skills by performing real-world tasks such as bold- ing text or setting up slide transitions. Add in live-in-the-application projects and students are on their way to truly learning and applying skills to business-centric documents. Designed to be used with the New Perspectives Series, SAM includes handy page references, so students can print helpful study guides that match the New Perspectives Series textbooks used in class. For instructors, SAM also includes robust scheduling and reporting features. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend a special thank you to all of the industry professionals who provided their expertise for the Expert Insight features: Daniel Kelley, Vice President, Marketing, D-Link Systems, Inc. Ali Moayer, Senior Director of Engineering, Logitech Stephen Rose, Senior Product Marketing and Community Manager, Windows Commercial, Microsoft Greg Hampton, Vice President, Product Management, McAfee Jim Griffith, Dean of eBay Education, eBay Stuart Feldman, Past President of ACM and Vice President, Engineering, Google Frank Molsberry, Sr. Principal Engineer and Security Technologist, Dell Inc. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. VIII PREFACE In addition, I am very grateful to the numerous Industry Expert Reviewers that perform technical reviews and provide helpful suggestions each edition to ensure this book is as accurate and current as possible. I would also like to thank the Educational Reviewers who have helped to define and improve the quality of this text over the years. In particular, I would like to thank the following individuals: Industry Expert Reviewers Julie Anne Mossler, Director of Communications, Groupon; Alan Tringham, Senior Marketing Communications Manager, ARM; The Wi-Fi Alliance; Mike Hall, Corporate Communications, Seagate Technology; Kevin Curtis, CTO, InPhase Technologies; Sriram K. Peruvemba, Vice President, Marketing, E Ink Corporation; Jim Sherhart, Senior Director of Marketing, Data Robotics; Jack Dollard, Marketing, Mitek Systems; Joe Melfi, Director of Product Marketing for Cloud Solutions, D-Link Systems; Dave Gelvin, President, Tranzeo Wireless USA; Kevin Raineri, Director, Sales and Marketing, Innovative Card Technologies; Bill Shribman, Executive Producer, WGBH Interactive; Mike Markham, Vice President of Sales, Cadre Technologies; Renee Cassata, Marketing Manager, iDashboards; Russell T. Cross, Vice President of AAC Products, Prentke Romich Company; Dr. Kimberly Young, Director, The Center for Internet Addiction Recovery; Jason Taylor, Worldwide Director of Corporate Communications, MobiTV; Nicole Rodrigues, Public Relations Manager, MobiTV; Stephen Yeo, Worldwide Strategic Marketing Director, IGEL Technology; Bob Hirschfeld, Public Information Officer, Lawrence Livermore National Lab; Bryan Crum, Vice President of Communication, Omnilert, LLC; David Bondurant, MRAM Product Manager, Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.; Rick McGowan, Vice President & Senior Software Engineer, Unicode, Inc.; Margaret Lewis, Director of Commercial Solutions, AMD; Mark Tekunoff, Senior Technology Manager, Kingston Technology; Billy Rudock, Customer Service Staff Engineer, Seagate Technology; James M. DePuydt, Ph.D., Technology Director, Imation Corporation; Dan Bloom, Sr. PR Manager, SanDisk; Kevin Curtis, CTO, InPhase Technologies; Gail Levy, Director of Marketing, TabletKiosk; Novell Marketing; John McCreesh, Marketing Project Lead, OpenOffice.org; Jackson Dunlap, ESP Systems; Laura Abram, Director of Corporate Marketing, Dust Networks; Kevin Schader, Communications Director, ZigBee Alliance; Mauro Dresti, Linksys Product Marketing Manager; Lianne Caetano, Executive Director, WirelessHD, LLC; Brad Booth; Howard Frazier; Bob Grow; Michael McCormack; George Cravens, Technical Marketing, D-Link Systems; Christiaan Stoudt, Founder, HomeNetworkHelp.Info; Douglas M. Winneg, President, Software Secure, Inc.; Frank Archambeault, Director of Network Services, Dartmouth College; Adam Goldstein, IT Security Engineer, Dartmouth College; Ellen Young, Manager of Consulting Services, Dartmouth College; Becky Waring, Executive Editor, JiWire.com; Ellen Craw, General Manager, Ilium Software; Michael Behr, Senior Architect, TIBCO; Joe McGlynn, Director of Product Management, CodeGear; John Nash, Vice President of Marketing, Visible Systems; Josh Shaul, Director of Technology Strategy, Application Security, Inc.; Jodi Florence, Marketing Director, IDology, Inc.; Dr. Maressa Hecht Orzack, Director, Computer Addiction Services; Janice K. Mahon, Vice President of Technology Commercialization, Universal Display Corporation; Dr. Nhon Quach, Next Generation Processor Architect, AMD; Jos van Haaren, Department Head Storage Physics, Philips Research Laboratories; Terry O’Kelly, Technical Communications Manager, Memorex; Randy Culpepper, Texas Instruments RFID Systems; Aaron Newman, CTO and Co-Founder, Application Security Inc.; Alan Charlesworth, Staff Engineer, Sun Microsystems; Khaled A. Elamrawi, Senior Marketing Engineer, Intel Corporation; Timothy D. O’Brien, Senior Systems Engineer, Fujitsu Software; John Paulson, Manager, Product Communications, Seagate Technology; Omid Rahmat, Editor in Chief, Tom’s Hardware Guide; Jeremy Bates, Multimedia Developer, R & L Multimedia Developers; Charles Hayes, Product Marketing Manager, SimpleTech, Inc.; Rick McGowan, Vice President & Senior Software Engineer, Unicode, Inc.; Russell Reynolds, Chief Operating Officer & Web Designer, R & L Multimedia Developers; Rob Stephens, Director, Technology Strategies, SAS; Dave Stow, Database Specialist, OSE Systems, Inc. Educational Reviewers Marc Forestiere, Fresno City College; Beverly Amer, Northern Arizona University; James Ambroise Jr., Southern University, Louisiana; Virginia Anderson, University of North Dakota; Robert Andree, Indiana University Northwest; Linda Armbruster, Rancho Santiago College; Michael Atherton, Mankato State University; Gary E. Baker, Marshalltown Community College; Richard Batt, Saint Louis Community College at Meremec; Luverne Bierle, Iowa Central Community College; Fariba Bolandhemat, Santa Monica College; Jerry Booher, Scottsdale Community College; Frederick W. Bounds, Georgia Perimeter College; James Bradley, University of Calgary; Curtis Bring, Moorhead State University; Brenda K. Britt, Fayetteville Technical Community College; Cathy Brotherton, Riverside Community College; Chris Brown, Bemidji State University; Janice Burke, South Suburban College; James Buxton, Tidewater Community College, Virginia; Gena Casas, Florida Community College, Jacksonville; Thomas Case, Georgia Southern University; John E. Castek, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse; Mario E. Cecchetti, Westmoreland County Community College; Jack W. Chandler, San Joaquin Delta College; Alan Charlesworth, Staff Engineer, Sun Microsystems; Jerry M. Chin, Southwest Missouri State University; Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.