INTERNATIONAL EDITION—Not for Sale in the U.S.A. Grammar F O U R T H E D I T I O N with ANSWER KEY Betty S. Azar Stacy A. Hagen Irregular Verbs: An Alphabetical Reference List note: Verbs followed by a bullet (•) are defined at the end of the list on the inside back cover. Simple Simple Past Simple Simple Past Form Past Participle Form Past Participle arise arose arisen fly flew flown awake awoke awoken forbid forbade forbidden be was, were been forecast* forecast forecast bear bore borne/born forget forgot forgotten beat beat beaten/beat forgive forgave forgiven become became become forsake* forsook forsaken begin began begun freeze froze frozen bend bent bent get got gotten/got* bet* bet bet give gave given bid* bid bid go went gone bind* bound bound grind* ground ground bite bit bitten grow grew grown bleed bled bled hang** hung hung blow blew blown have had had break broke broken hear heard heard breed* bred bred hide hid hidden bring brought brought hit hit hit broadcast* broadcast broadcast hold held held build built built hurt hurt hurt burn burned/burnt burned/burnt keep kept kept burst* burst burst kneel kneeled/knelt kneeled/knelt buy bought bought know knew known cast* cast cast lay laid laid catch caught caught lead led led choose chose chosen lean leaned/leant leaned/leant cling* clung clung leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt come came come learn learned/learnt learned/learnt cost cost cost leave left left creep* crept crept lend lent lent cut cut cut let let let deal* dealt dealt lie lay lain dig dug dug light lighted/lit lighted/lit do did done lose lost lost draw drew drawn make made made dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt mean meant meant drink drank drunk meet met met drive drove driven mislay mislaid mislaid eat ate eaten mistake mistook mistaken fall fell fallen pay paid paid feed fed fed prove proved proven/proved feel felt felt put put put fight fought fought quit*** quit quit find found found read read read fit fit/fitted fit/fitted rid rid rid flee* fled fled ride rode ridden fling* flung flung ring rang rung *In British English: get-got-got. In American English: get-got-gotten/got. **Hang is a regular verb when it means to kill someone with a rope around his/her neck. Compare: I hung my clothes in the closet. They hanged the murderer by the neck until he was dead. ***Also possible in British English: quit-quitted-quitted. (continued on the inside back cover) PEARSON Understanding and Using English Grammar, Fourth Edition with Answer Key Copyright © 2009, 2002, 1989, 1981 by Betty Schrampfer Azar All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Azar Associates: Shelley Hartle, Editor, and Sue Van Etten, Manager Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Staff credits: The people who made up the Understanding and Using English Grammar Fourth Edition team, representing editorial, production, design, and manufacturing, are Janice Baillie, Dave Dickey, Ann France, Amy McCormick, Robert Ruvo, and Ruth Voetmann. Text composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Text font: 10/12.5 Plantin Illustrations: Don Martinetti, pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 18, 23, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 47, 50, 51, 65, 72, 73, 81, 84, 88, 91, 99, 103, 107, 109, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143, 145, 148, 152, 161, 169, 183, 185, 188, 190, 194, 201, 213, 220, 223, 232, 236, 238, 247, 255, 256, 259, 260 (top), 275, 278, 280, 286, 287, 292, 301, 303, 308, 316, 319, 321, 328, 340, 342, 347, 353, 355, 357, 362, 371, 373, 389, 396, 408, 413, 420, 424, 425, 432, 441, 446; Chris Pavely, pages 8, 41, 43, 45, 47, 54, 56, 60, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79, 86, 98, 100, 113, 116, 138, 142, 146, 153, 158, 170, 174, 175, 178, 181, 196, 198, 206, 211, 228, 235, 251, 257, 260 (bottom), 265, 272, 284, 289, 293, 309, 315, 331, 345, 349, 360, 363, 367, 378, 385, 393, 394, 403, 414, 422, 428; Kris Wiltse, pages 17, 19, 28, 29 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941- Understanding and using English grammar. — 4th ed. / Betty S. Azar, Stacy A. Hagen, p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233333-7 (with audio) ISBN-10: 0-13-233333-3 (with audio) ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233331-3 (with audio and answer key) ISBN-10: 0-13-233331-7 (with audio and answer key) [etc.] 1. English language—Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English language—Grammar—Problems, exercises, etc. I. Hagen, Stacy A., 1956- II. Title. PEI 128.A97 2009 428.2'4—dc22 2008050357 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 13: 978-0-13-233331-3 ISBN 10: 0-13-233331-7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRIC—14 13 12 11 10 09 ISBN 13:978-0-13-246450-5 (International Edition) ISBN 10: 0-13-246450-0 (International Edition) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRIC—14 13 12 11 10 09 For Larry B.S.A. For Andy and Julianna S.H. Contents \ Preface to the Fourth Edition................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES..........................................................................................................1 1-1 The simple tenses....................................................................................................................2 1-2 The progressive tenses ..........................................................................................................3 1-3 The perfect tenses ..................................................................................................................4 1-4 The perfect progressive tenses ...........................................................................................5 1-5 Summary chart of verb tenses..............................................................................................6 1-6 Spelling of -mg and -ed forms.....................................................................................10 Chapter 2 PRESENT AND PAST; SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE...........................................................13 2-1 Simple present....................................................................................................................14 2-2 Present progressive............................................................................................................14 2-3 Non-progressive verbs ....................................................................................................16 2-4 Regular and irregular verbs.............................................................................................20 2-5 Irregular verb list ..............................................................................................................20 2-6 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings............................................................27 2-7 Simple past...........................................................................................................................29 2-8 Past progressive .................................................................................................................29 2-9 Using progressive verbs with always .........................................................................33 2-10 Using expressions of place with progressive verbs..................................................34 Chapter 3 PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES ..............................................................36 3-1 Present perfect....................................................................................................................38 3-2 Have and has in spoken English ...............................................................................42 3-3 Present perfect vs. simple past.......................................................................................43 3-4 Present perfect progressive.............................................................................................46 3-5 Past perfect .........................................................................................................................50 3-6 Had in spoken English.....................................................................................................53 3-7 Past perfect progressive.....................................................................................................55 Chapter 4 FUTURE TIME ...................................................................................................................................60 4-1 Simple future: will and be going to ............................................................................61 4-2 Will vs. be going t o ..........................................................................................................63 4-3 Expressing the future in time clauses .........................................................................67 4-4 Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future time...........................................................................................................69 CONTENTS V 4-5 Future progressive .............................................................................................................71 4-6 Future perfect and future perfect progressive ..........................................................73 Chapter 5 REVIEW OF VERB TENSES ............................................................................................................76 Chapter 6 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT.......................................................................................................84 6-1 Final -s/-es: use, pronunciation, and spelling..........................................................85 6-2 Basic subject-verb agreement........................................................................................87 6-3 Subject-verb agreement: using expressions of quantity ........................................89 6-4 Subject-verb agreement: using there + b e ...............................................................91 6-5 Subject-verb agreement: some irregularities ............................................................93 Chapter 7 NOUNS ...........................................................................................................................................100 7-1 Regular and irregular plural nouns........................................................................101 7-2 Possessive nouns............................................................................................................105 7-3 Nouns as adjectives ....................................................................................................107 7-4 Count and noncount nouns .....................................................................................109 7-5 Noncount nouns ..........................................................................................................110 7-6 Some common noncount nouns..............................................................................110 7-7 Basic article usage .......................................................................................................114 7-8 General guidelines for article usage.........................................................................118 7-9 Expressions of quantity used with count and noncount nouns......................122 7-10 Using a feu> and few; a little and little ..............................................................126 7-11 Singular expressions of quantity: one, each, every..........................................129 7-12 Using o/in expressions of quantity.........................................................................131 Chapter 8 PRONOUNS .................................................................................................................................135 8-1 Personal pronouns .......................................................................................................136 8-2 Personal pronouns: agreement with generic nouns and indefinite pronouns ......................................................................................................140 8-3 Personal pronouns: agreement with collective nouns...........................................142 8-4 Reflexive pronouns.......................................................................................................143 8-5 Using you, one, and they as impersonal pronouns..........................................147 8-6 Forms of other...............................................................................................................148 8-7 Common expressions with o th er..............................................................................152 Chapter 9 MODALS, PART 1 .........................................................................................................................157 9-1 Basic modal introduction.............................................................................................157 9-2 Polite requests with “I” as the subject......................................................................158 9-3 Polite requests with “you” as the subject ...............................................................159 9-4 Polite requests with would you mind ...................................................................160 9-5 Expressing necessity: must, have to, have got to .............................................164 9-6 Lack of necessity and prohibition: have to and must in the negative .... 165 9-7 Advisability: should, ought to, had better..........................................................167 9-8 The past form of should .............................................................................................170 9-9 Obligation: be supposed t o .........................................................................................173 9-10 Unfulfilled intentions: was/were going to ............................................................176 9-11 Making suggestions: let’s, why don't, shall Hwe .............................................177 9-12 Making suggestions: could vs. should ....................................................................178 Vi CONTENTS Chapter 10 MODALS, PART 2 .....................................................................................................................180 10-1 Degrees of certainty: present time...........................................................................180 10-2 Degrees of certainty: present time negative...........................................................183 10-3 Degrees of certainty: past time ..................................................................................186 10-4 Degrees of certainty: future time................................................................................189 10-5 Progressive forms of modals......................................................................................193 10-6 Ability: can and cou ld................................................................................................198 10-7 Using would to express a repeated action in the past .....................................200 10-8 Expressing preference: would rather....................................................................201 10-9 Combining modals with phrasal modals ...............................................................202 10-10 Summary chart of modals and similar expressions ...........................................204 Chapter 11 THE PASSIVE .............................................................................................................................211 11-1 Active vs. passive .............................................................................................................211 11-2 Tense forms of the passive ...........................................................................................213 11-3 Using the passive .............................................................................................................214 11-4 The passive form of modals and phrasal modals..................................................220 11-5 Non-progressive passive................................................................................................227 11-6 Common non-progressive passive verbs + prepositions......................................229 11-7 The passive with g et........................................................................................................233 11-8 Participial adjectives........................................................................................................236 Chapter 12 NOUN CLAUSES ......................................................................................................................242 12-1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................242 12-2 Noun clauses beginning with a question word......................................................244 12-3 Noun clauses beginning with whether or i f .........................................................249 12-4 Question words followed by infinitives ....................................................................252 12-5 Noun clauses beginning with that ............................................................................253 12-6 Quoted speech..................................................................................................................258 12-7 Reported speech: verb forms in noun clauses ........................................................261 12-8 Using -ever words..........................................................................................................268 Chapter 13 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ............................................................................................................270 13-1 Adjective clause pronouns used as the subject............................................270 13-2 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verb ..........................273 13-3 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a preposition.............274 13-4 Using w h ose...................................................................................................................277 13-5 Using where in adjective clauses ..............................................................................279 13-6 Using when in adjective clauses................................................................................280 13-7 Using adjective clauses to modify pronouns .........................................................283 13-8 Punctuating adjective clauses ......................................................................................285 13-9 Using expressions of quantity in adjective clauses...............................................290 13-10 Using which to modify a whole sentence ...............................................................291 13-11 Reducing adjective clauses to adjective phrases.......................................................294 Chapter 14 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 1 ..................................................................................301 14-1 Gerunds: introduction ..................................................................................................301 14-2 Using gerunds as the objects of prepositions..........................................................302 14-3 Common verbs followed by gerunds..........................................................................307 CONTENTS Vii 14-4 Go + gerund ....................................................................................................................309 14-5 Special expressions followed by -ing........................................................................310 14-6 Common verbs followed by infinitives......................................................................313 14-7 Common verbs followed by either infinitives or gerunds..................................317 14-8 It + infinitive; gerunds and infinitives as subjects ...............................................322 14-9 Reference list of verbs followed by gerunds........................................................324 14-10 Reference list of verbs followed by infinitives.....................................................325 Chapter 15 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 2 ...............................................................................331 15-1 Infinitive of purpose: in order to ..............................................................................331 15-2 Adjectives followed by infinitives................................................................................333 15-3 Using infinitives with too and en ou gh...................................................................335 15-4 Passive infinitives and gerunds ..................................................................................338 15-5 Using gerunds or passive infinitives following n eed............................................339 15-6 Using verbs of perception.............................................................................................341 15-7 Using the simple form after let and help ...........................................................343 15-8 Using causative verbs: make, have, g e t.............................................................344 Chapter 16 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS................................................................................352 16-1 Parallel structure ............................................................................................................352 16-2 Parallel structure: using commas................................................................................354 16-3 Paired conjunctions: both ... and; not only ... but also; either ... or; neither ... n or......................................................................................358 16-4 Separating independent clauses with periods; connecting with and and bu t.......................................................................................................................361 Chapter 17 ADVERB CLAUSES......................................................................................................................365 17-1 Introduction......................................................................................................................365 17-2 Using adverb clauses to show time relationships.................................................368 17-3 Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect ....................................................373 17-4 Expressing contrast (unexpected result): using even though ........................374 17-5 Showing direct contrast: w hile..................................................................................376 17-6 Expressing conditions in adverb clauses: z/-clauses ............................................377 17-7 Shortened j/-clauses.......................................................................................................378 17-8 Adverb clauses of condition: using whether or not and even i f ...................379 17-9 Adverb clauses of condition: using in case .........................................................381 17-10 Adverb clauses of condition: using unless ...........................................................382 17-11 Adverb clauses of condition: using only if..............................................................383 Chapter 18 REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES ...............................................................................................................387 18-1 Introduction......................................................................................................................387 18-2 Changing time clauses to modifying adverbial phrases .....................................388 18-3 Expressing the idea of “during the same time” in modifying adverbial phrases .............................................................................................................389 18-4 Expressing cause and effect in modifying adverbial phrases.............................390 18-5 Using upon + -ing in modifying adverbial phrases ..........................................393 Viii CONTENTS