UNDERSTANDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Edited by Inga Zerr UNDERSTANDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Edited by Inga Zerr Understanding Alzheimer's Disease Edited by Inga Zerr Contributors Christian Gonzalez-Billault, Daniel A. Borquez, Ismael Palacios-Garcia, Isidre Ferrer, Jose Luna-Muñoz, Charles R. Harrington, Claude M. Wischik, Paola Flores-Rodríguez, Jesús Avila, Sergio Zamudio R., Fidel De La Cruz, Raul Mena- López, Benjamín Florán-Garduño, Takahide Matsushima, Yuhki Saito, Toshiharu Suzuki, Halil Murat Sen, Sibel Cevizci, Fahri Günes, Elif Karaahmet, Weili Xu, Camilla Ferrari, Hui-Xin Wang, Francesca Mangialasche, Gordon Glazner, Brandon Ally, Emily Mason, Manus Donahue, Genaro Ortiz, Fermín Pacheco- Moisés, L Javier Flores-Alvarado, Miguel A Macías-Islas, Irma E Velázquez- Brizuela, Ana C Ramírez-Anguiano, Erandis D Tórres-Sánchez, Eddic W Morales- Sánchez, José A Cruz-Ramos, Genaro E Ortiz-Velázquez, Fernando CortésEnríquez, Mei Sian Chong, Tih-Shih Lee, Klemens Wild, Ulrike Mueller, Rita Moretti, Kohzo Nakayama, Lucia Pastorino, Asami Kondo, Kun Ping Lu, Armand Perret-Liaudet, Aline Dorey, Yannick Tholance, Benoit Dumont, Isabelle Quadrio, Harish C. Pant Copyright © 2015 Second Edition All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. First published February, 2013, second - 2015 ISBN-10: 953-51-1009-8 ISBN-13: 978-953-51-1009 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Pathogenesis 1 Chapter 1 Structure and Function of the APP Intracellular Domain in Health and Disease 3 Ulrike Müller and Klemens Wild Chapter 2 Mechanism of Alzheimer Amyloid β-Protein Precursor Localization to Membrane Lipid Rafts 23 Yuhki Saito, Takahide Matsushima and Toshiharu Suzuki Chapter 3 The Amyloidogenic Pathway Meets the Reelin Signaling Cascade: A Cytoskeleton Bridge Between Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration 39 Daniel A. Bórquez, Ismael Palacios and Christian González-Billault Chapter 4 γ-Secretase — Regulated Signaling and Alzheimer's Disease 61 Kohzo Nakayama, Hisashi Nagase, Chang-Sung Koh and Takeshi Ohkawara Chapter 5 Phosphorylation of Tau Protein Associated as a Protective Mechanism in the Presence of Toxic, C-Terminally Truncated Tau in Alzheimer's Disease 89 José Luna-Muñoz, Charles R. Harrington, Claude M. Wischik, Paola Flores-Rodríguez, Jesús Avila, Sergio R. Zamudio, Fidel De la Cruz, Raúl Mena, Marco A. Meraz-Ríos and Benjamin Floran-Garduño Chapter 6 Pin1 Protects Against Alzheimer's Disease: One Goal, Multiple Mechanisms 109 Lucia Pastorino, Asami Kondo, Xiao Zhen Zhou and Kun Ping Lu VI Contents Chapter 7 Alzheimer Disease and Metabolism: Role of Cholesterol and Membrane Fluidity 145 Genaro G. Ortiz, Fermín P. Pacheco-Moisés, Luis J. Flores-Alvarado, Miguel A. Macías-Islas, Irma E. Velázquez-Brizuela, Ana C. Ramírez- Anguiano, Erandis D. Tórres-Sánchez, Eddic W. Moráles-Sánchez, José A. Cruz-Ramos, Genaro E Ortiz-Velázquez and Fernando Cortés-Enríquez Section 2 Diagnosis 175 Chapter 8 Pre-Analytical and Analytical Critical Factors Influencing the High Variability of the Concentrations Levels of Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers in Cerebral Spinal Fluid 177 Armand Perret-Liaudet, Aline Dorey, Yannick Tholance, Benoit Dumont and Isabelle Quadrio Chapter 9 Candidate Bio-Markers of Alzheimer’s Disease 193 B.K. Binukumar and Harish C. Pant Chapter 10 Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease 225 Emily J. Mason, Manus J. Donahue and Brandon A. Ally Section 3 Therapy 249 Chapter 11 Potential Therapeutic Strategies to Prevent the Progression of Alzheimer to Disease States 251 Ester Aso and Isidre Ferrer Chapter 12 Animal Assisted Therapy and Activities in Alzheimer's Disease 303 Sibel Cevizci, Halil Murat Sen, Fahri Güneş and Elif Karaahmet Section 4 Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Prevention 327 Chapter 13 Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s Disease 329 Weili Xu, Camilla Ferrari and Hui-Xin Wang Contents VII Chapter 14 Apathy as a Key Symptom in Behavior Disorders: Difference Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Subcortical Vascular Dementia 359 Rita Moretti, Paola Torre, Francesca Esposito, Enrica Barro, Paola Tomietto and Rodolfo M. Antonello Chapter 15 Predicting Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): The Role of Clinical, Cognitive Characteristics and Biomarkers 375 Mei Sian Chong and Tih-Shih Lee Chapter 16 Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes 409 Brent D. Aulston, Gary L. Odero, Zaid Aboud and Gordon W. Glazner Chapter 17 Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease: Intervention Studies 451 Francesca Mangialasche, Weili Xu and Miia Kivipelto Preface This book spans a variety of approaches to address the complex problem of Alzheimer´s disease - what is the cause, is there a single pathogenetic pathways or are there many of them, how can we address the whole clinical spectrum of the disease, how can the disease be diagnosed early and reliable and which perspectives we have for prevention and treat‐ ment. The collection covers actual topics of interest for basic researcher, clinicians, epidemi‐ ologists and provides insight to various aspects of the disease. Inga Zerr, MD Department of Neurology Cliical Dementia Center Georg August University Göttingen Germany