Uncommon Sense and Fair-Mindedness Latest update: October 12, 2017 Democracy originated in ancient Greece. This was a great idea of fair representation in politics and governance that first flowered forth into history in this beautiful island nation more than 2,500 years ago. Citizens of Greece passionately loved freedom and respected reason and clarity of thought, so they cherished knowledge, balanced perspective, and the concept of all things in moderation. At the time, mariners in Greece “sailed on a sapphire sea washing enchanted islands purple in a luminous air”, as Edith Hamilton eloquently observed in The Greek Way. Evocative music being played on a harp-like lyre heralds these introductory words. The people in ancient Greece appreciated knowledge for its value for living -- and not merely for its own sake. Knowledge was seen to be capable of leading people “away from error to right action.” The Greeks “loved beauty with economy”, as the statesman Pericles put it, and they embraced a kind of economy that was the opposite of mindlessly lavish consumerism or hubris-filled grandiosity. To them, their gods were nearby “to watch over deeds of justice and kindliness”, according to the poet Hesiod. Throughout most of ancient history before the flowering of rationality and fair-mindedness in Greece, despots or plutocrats ruled nations, and people were subjugated to the primacy of kings or dictators or a powerful oligarchic few. One tremendous conflict in history was to decide whether freedom or tyranny is the stronger force: the wars between the Persian Empire and the Greeks. Darius the Great was the ruler of the First Persian Empire at the peak of its power in the 5th century BCE. From his native Persia, Darius had conquered most of what is modern day India, Afghanistan, Iraq, the Balkans and Egypt, so he presided over the most extensive empire the world had seen until that time. Then he marched on Greece, “a rocky land and poor”. A legendary battle took place at Marathon in 490 BCE, and the freedom-loving Athenians miraculously defeated the powerful tyrant and his huge army. This event is often seen as a pivotal moment in European history. Ten years lapsed, and the curtain rose again for the next episode in this epic drama. Darius had died and his son Xerxes brought another large force down the Meander River valley to the Aegean Sea to wreak vengeance on the Greeks. He amassed the large army and sent it in 1,200 ships to engage the Greeks, who sailed their much smaller force of men in triremes to narrow waterways near the island of Salamis. In the strategically confined straits, the freedom-defending Greeks were brilliantly led by a famed Athenian General named Themistocles, and they were able to vanquish the larger force in a decisive victory. Perhaps Nemesis, the Greek goddess of divine retribution, had smitten the hubris-filled Persians, arrogant with their might and riches. In any case, they retreated back to whence they came, and Herodotus, “the father of history”, noted what Aeschylus had written: “All arrogance will reap a harvest rich in tears. God calls men to a heavy reckoning for overweening pride.” We are engaged in another titanic conflict between tyranny and freedom in the world again today. The character of this conflict is assessed at length herein. I feel strongly that we should give our support to democratic, fair- minded, freethinking, common sense, inclusive and progressive elements in society, and throw off the tyranny of economic fundamentalism, crony capitalism, trickle-down deceptions, extreme reactive conservatism, oligarchic hubris, scheming authoritarianism, aggressive militarism, and male supremacist religious authority. A Revival of Wise Solon’s Ideas A new form of arrogance bedevils our American democracy today. It is the arrogance of wealth and privilege. Wealthy conservatives have been abusing their power ruthlessly, and have managed to get our representatives to let them pay taxes at rates that are near the lowest levels in more than 85 years, despite our growing national needs and record amounts of public debt. They have hijacked our society to radically remake it, so that power, privilege and wealth become more and more concentrated in the hands of a relative few. A bold course of corrective action is required. Some compelling lessons of history provide us with clear avenues forward that make excellent sense. Back in Athens during the 6th Century BCE, the disparity of wealth between the rich and the poor had become so extreme that the city-state was in a dangerous tinderbox condition. Talk of violent revolt was being stoked in a pressure cooker of societal unrest. The rich were angry at the brazen challenge to their privileges and property, so they prepared to defend their interests by force. As these conflicts escalated between various factions vying for perks, privileges, power and control, many people recognized the need for a transformative leader who would find a fair compromise between the competing groups, and would do so in an equitable and peaceable manner. Somehow good sense prevailed and moderate elements secured the selection of a wise Athenian statesman and lawmaker named Solon, who was given wide-ranging legislative powers to mediate between concerned parties. Solon made a number of fair-minded reforms of the Greek political system and its economy. He gave power to the common people to elect officials, and to call their representatives to account. Because of all the reforms he made, Solon is considered the first person in history to establish the true foundations for democratic governance. Solon wisely made many revolutionarily progressive reforms, including the establishment of a steeply graduated income tax plan that made rich people pay taxes at a rate that was 12 times as high as the poor. “The rich protested that his measures were outright confiscation; the radicals complained that he had not divided the land; but within a generation almost all agreed that his reforms had saved Athens from revolution.” So declared Will and Ariel Durant in their thought-provoking book The Lessons of History. I love this concise book because it contains a distillation of insights the Durants had gained from studying history for decades while writing eleven lengthy volumes on world history. Today, glaring inequalities afflict the people in the United States and disparities in wealth between the rich and the poor have reached new modern extremes. Joseph Stiglitz makes it perfectly clear in The Price of Inequality how economically foolish and socially counterproductive this shortcoming of our capitalist economic system is becoming -- and how pathologically amoral. As a result of the current deep levels of inequalities, our nation is now in a dangerous condition. We are confronted with three possible outcomes: (1) to have the middle class and poor people fall into increasingly desperate states of insecurity because we continue to allow the well-being of the majority to be undermined by the perpetuation of regressive taxation schemes and the imposition of austerity measures; (2) to embark on new repressive measures and incarcerate more people in prisons to suppress the growing outrage over social unfairness and the increasing desperation of the bottom 50%; or (3) to compromise together to make our society truly fairer by instituting a more steeply graduated system of income taxes so that more money would be available to finance education and broaden opportunity and implement other programs that reduce inequities. The first course of action would likely lead to people eventually taking to the streets in revolt; the second course of action would have unaffordably high costs and bring our historic experiment in democratic governance to a sad and pathetic end, and the third course of action would seem to be the best plan, by far. The lessons of history teach us that the most sensible plan would be to choose wise leaders who would make smart, decent and fair-minded reforms. Those who do not heed the lessons of history are said to be more likely to be doomed to repeat them, so let’s heed the lessons! Everyone should recognize the risks associated with Aristotle’s astute observation, “Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime.” Thinking about Good Acts and a Just Society 2 Mankind is an eternal seeker of reward, even for doing good. People feel that there ought to be some greater recompense for doing good than just a clear conscience or a feeling of righteousness, and they expect a kind of “pleasure” for making moral choices or taking ethical actions. This pleasure may be one of community esteem or gratitude, or a self-interested hope of receiving something good in return, or a feeling of freedom from a sense of guilt. Many God-fearing religious people do good acts in hopes of gaining an eternally pleasant afterlife for themselves, or to avoid divine damnation. While almost every person would say they believe people should do good and help remedy glaring injustices, few of us do all the good that we could. This is one of the deep contradictions of human nature. John Fowles, in his thought- provoking philosophical treatise The Aristos, considered this issue, noting: “For the last two and a half millennia almost every great thinker, every great saint, and every great artist has advocated, personified and celebrated -- or at least implied -- the nobility and excellence of the good act as the basis of the just society.” Despite this broad consensus on the desirability of people to do good for the greater good of all, most people seem to see “a perverse but deeper truth: it is better generally to do nothing than generally to do good.” John Fowles adduces many reasons for this contradiction in purposes. We are not only seekers of the spiritually sublime, but we are also eternal seekers of reward for ourselves. We expect some sort of compensation for doing good, and more than just a clear conscience or a feeling of righteous self-approval. We seek the hope of benefits in return, or Trumpian wealth, or recognition, or personal gratitude, or community esteem. Or we seek to assuage a sense of guilt. John Fowles lists the main causes he sees for this failure to do good: -- there is uncertainty as to what the outcome of one’s actions may really be; -- there is a perception that the action contemplated is so small in relation to the final intention that the action seems pointless; -- a conflict exists between do-good intentions and more narrowly selfish ends; -- a fatalistic belief is felt that it’s only an illusion that we have freedom of choice in action; -- profoundly confusing complexities exist in the nature of understanding; -- our opposition may give ‘counter-support’ to what is opposed; -- it seems futile to oppose relativistic “evils”. If we were to structure our societies so that incentives for doing good were more attractive, then more good would result. We all face a multitude of anxieties in life, from fundamental universal anxieties to a variety of specific individual anxieties. Since we all share these anxieties, to some extent, the almost hygienic emotion of empathy should have the effect of uniting us rather than isolating us. Instead, we tend to let them divide us, and master manipulators among us are eager to gain benefits from divisive actions. As a result John Fowles explains, it is “as if the citizens of a country would defend it by each barricading himself in his own house.” Compassionate kindness to others, and actions against injustice and inequality, are crucially important to society, so they should be regarded as equivalent to functional acts of hygiene, and not merely as acts done to bring hoped-for pleasure. In The Aristos, John Fowles’ excellent and concise summary of his personal perspectives on big ideas in life, he expressed this convincing opinion: “As soon as we treat pleasure as a kind of successful bet, and then expect this sort of pleasure from moral choices and actions, we are in trouble.” He clarifies that the main problem with such an attitude is that we may reach the conclusion: “only good actions that promise pleasure or personal rewards are worth our doing.” The intentions that motivate good actions should be a broader desire to institute more freedom and fairness for all -- i.e., more justice and equality -- or else they can turn out to be consequentially amoral or socially immoral. Fowles also states that there is a “sadly wide category where actions may seem good to the person performing the action, but are clearly evil in their effects.” In writing about the failure of most people to contribute to the greater good, Fowles attributes “this strange and irrational apathy” to religion-engendered myths that imply that doing good will bring us eternal pleasure in an afterlife, “and that thus the good man is happier than the bad. The world around us is full of evidence that these 3 are indeed myths: good men are very often far less happy than bad ones, and good actions very often bring nothing but pain.” He adds: “Over the last two hundred years there has been a great improvement in personal and public hygiene and cleanliness; and this was largely brought about by persuading people that the results of being dirty and apathetic in the face of disease were not acts of God, but preventable acts of nature; not the sheer misery in things, but the controllable mechanisms of life.” … “We have had the first, the physical, phase of the hygienic revolution; it is time we went to the barricades for the second, the mental.” A Salubrious Vision of More Sensible Values Fairer consideration of the legacy we are leaving to all our heirs in future generations is a principal theme of the observations contained in this Common Sense Revival. We can see, right here and now, that we’re distinctly missing the mark in our societies in a disturbing litany of ways. Throughout this manifesto, extensive details of how we are failing to do the right thing are explored, with a light toward identifying and putting into effect significantly saner and more salubrious plans of action. We have been painting ourselves into an ever-more constricted corner, in a gaudy miasma of clashing colors, by incurring record levels of national debt year after year. This is folly. There are plenty of far-reaching challenges lying in the offing as the twenty-first century unfolds, and extraordinarily large amounts of money will be needed to adequately deal with them. We can no longer afford to continue adding to the national debt every year to finance “routine” on-going needs like extravagant costs related to the military, wars, Homeland Security, high cost Medicare drugs, and unnecessarily expensive medical procedures for people in the last months of their lives. And we cannot afford to continue assessing historically low rates of tax on the highest levels of incomes, or to continue giving big corporations and investors absurdly generous subsidies, tax breaks and regulatory loopholes. We should invest more money in our children and their future -- in better and more affordable public education, physical wellness, national infrastructure, scientific innovation, smartly-focused research and development, and healthier communities in both rural and urban areas. I myself have never had any children, but this personal fact does not diminish the clarity with which I see the right-mindedness of a marked shift toward fairer and more sensible national priorities. “In the nineteenth century, anti-capitalist critics like Karl Marx insisted that economics must be contained within an ethical context; they contended that social justice counted for more than industrial efficiency or private profit. In the late twentieth century, the environmental movement is trying to teach us that both economics and ethics must be contained within an ecological context.” --- The Voice of the Earth, An Exploration of Ecopsychology, Theodore Roszak I hope readers will give personally impartial attention to all the issues examined in these essays. Ambrose Bierce defined "impartial" as “Unable to perceive any promise of personal advantage from espousing either side of a controversy, or of adopting either of two conflicting opinions.” Ha! Let’s objectively set aside all biases associated with our own personal advantages for a moment, and instead focus on a fair evaluation of the overall advantages for humankind in the pursuit of saner collective undertakings, considered from the point of view of the legacy we will leave to our descendants in the future. Let’s consider the long-term impact of our actions, in other words, and think and feel in the biggest picture perspectives. A Gauntlet Has Been Thrown John Steinbeck wrote in The Log from the Sea of Cortez that ideas germinate in our minds and in the populace as a whole, but that they generally do not gain power and traction until they find the fertile soil of discontent to grow in. The force of this idea could cause a completely peaceful and sudden revolution if the soil has already been intensely fertilized, and we have become ripe for such change. I submit that rudely unempathetic gambits against fairness in our societies by those people with the most money are causing these energies to develop, and to gain force. Conservatives are harvesting this discontent rather more effectively than liberals and progressives, but their policy prescriptions serve to make inequities and inequalities and injustices irrationally worse, so the time is ripe for clearly 4 seeing the parameters of this truth and supporting wide-ranging revolutionary movements to set things straight. A liberal one, and not a Trumpian dystopia. “There is nothing more powerful than an idea whose time has come.” --- Victor Hugo James Madison was first elected in 1808 to become the fourth President of the United States. Earlier, he had been instrumental in drafting the U.S. Constitution in 1789, and he was a key author and champion of the great Bill of Rights. Madison was thus one of the central figures among our Founding Fathers, and he deserves the respect of our attention. He says (paraphrased): “Beware of the abridgement of freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments by those in power. More violations of people’s freedom have been effectuated by those in power than by violent and sudden usurpations.” These words from one of our foremost Founding Fathers should give us pause for serious reflection. We should heed these words and unite to oppose the many abuses of power that are taking place today, because these abuses are a driving force behind ecological shortsightedness, and they are contributing to deepening inequalities, growing public debt, inadequate investments in infrastructure, declining social mobility, and a worsening general welfare in the USA in recent years. We should stop bowing to “conservative” ideologies, and instead champion liberal ideas of fairness and common sense concern for the greater good. The sensational growth of extremes in inequality of income and wealth between the top 1% of Americans and the other 99% is causing a real abridgement of people’s economic freedoms, and the corrupting influence of wealth in our money-monopolized political duopoly system is even worse than regular despotic usurpations of power, due to the insidious nature and extensive harms inextricably involved. Wealthy philanthropist Bill Gates throws down the gauntlet to the well-heeled: "I believe that with great wealth comes great responsibility -- the responsibility to give back to society and make sure those resources are given back in the best possible way, to those in need.” Introspection into Inequality The conclusion reached in this Common Sense Revival at the time it was first published before the November 2012 national elections, was that our country would be best served by choosing to re-elect President Obama, and to simultaneously choose moderate politicians in all Congressional races; and that, after the election, we should demand that all our representatives work together to make our country a fairer and more fiscally-sound nation, and a world leader in resource conservation and cleaner renewable energy alternatives and the promotion of ecological precautionary principles. Professor Robert Reich, the Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton, is a political economist who is one of the most honorable progressive voices on the American scene. His incisive perspectives are the subject of an insightful and eye-opening film titled Inequality for All that received standing ovations when it was shown in January 2013 at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, where it won top recognition for excellence in documentary filmmaking. Robert Reich and the producers of Inequality for All deserve congratulations for having created such a valuably thought-provoking film. A division of Weinstein Company bought the film for wide distribution that began in September 2013. I highly recommend that everyone watch it, and shame on the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences for not having given this important film the recognition and high visibility of a deserved Oscar nomination! Professor Reich cogently explains the extent to which economic inequality hurts people and society as a whole, and the degree to which inequality undermines people’s ability to fairly pursue happiness and well-being in their lives. Bob, as he is known to his friends, has hearteningly expressed optimism about our collective ability to make the USA relatively fairer and more equal for all. It is an encouraging idea that the prospects are good for us to reform our economic and political systems, and to really make our nation a much fairer one. Optimism and positive vision, after all, can help us be more effective in achieving goals consistent with the greater good. Perhaps such perspective could inoculate us against the propaganda and narrow crony favoritism that are contributing to making the United States so inegalitarian. Positive attitudes can provide us with a powerful impetus to rectify our distorted national priorities by understanding the challenging specific ways that we are insensibly allowing narrowly-focused interest 5 groups to wrongheadedly determine these priorities. An unexpectedly effective use of a simple visual aid is employed in the film Inequality for All. A graph that charts trends in income inequality over the past century in the U.S. is superimposed over a graphic depiction of a suspension bridge similar to the beautiful and iconic Golden Gate Bridge. A steep increase in income inequality over the decade of the Roaring Twenties corresponds to the rise of the bridge’s cables from one end of their anchorage to the top of the first suspension tower. Then, as income inequality diminished from 1930 through 1980, the graph follows the bridge’s suspension cables downward toward mid-span, corresponding to a decline in economic disparities between Americans that resulted from public policies designed to create broader prosperity and a stronger middle class and a New Deal social safety net. Then, beginning with the increasingly unfair public policies instituted by Ronald Reagan, a new episode of narrowly concentrated wealth has traced a trajectory upwards until it is reaching a new peak near the bridge’s second tower. Symbolically, the cables that lead back down to their second safe anchorage provide good hope that we will once again find the intellectual clarity and political will to implement fairer public policies that will emphasize a more stable and sustainable future. Such a fair-minded attitude would represent the greater good for all. The Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz echoes and amplifies understandings similar to the ones articulated by Robert Reich. In Stiglitz’ important book, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future, he makes it abundantly clear that, in recent decades, broad inequities in the U.S. have been made much worse. He posits that the reason for this is a pathetic one: simply because our political system is structured to be “of the 1%, for the 1%, by the 1%”. Stiglitz makes many compelling observations about the true nature of exorbitant costs associated with extreme social inequalities in human societies, and he provides a convincing analysis of the failings of our economic and political systems. He also proposes a propitious variety of wiser ways forward. Stiglitz points out that our economic system is too unstable and inefficient, and that it periodically creates too much unemployment and too many inequities. Our economic and political systems are serving to concentrate wealth at the top, and as a consequence, the populace as a whole is being adversely affected in many ways. Our economic and political systems facilitate the foisting of a wide range of health adversities and environmental costs onto society, mainly so that businesses can maximize their profits in the short run. This causes harm to millions of workers, consumers and citizens. Associated damages to natural ecosystems are undermining the foundations upon which our overall well-being depends, now and in the future. By allowing such developments, we are also harming the health and survival prospects of millions of other species of life. Extreme inequality is one aspect of the intense class struggles that motivated Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx to write their notorious and ideologically exploited Communist Manifesto in 1848. These famous early “worldly philosophers” described a “spectre” of worker exploitation and class warfare that was haunting industrial capitalist societies, and they examined the morbid manifestations associated with the inequities involved and the unmitigated social ills of early industrial activities. Wealthy investor Warren Buffet declared in 2006: “There’s class warfare, all right, but it’s my class, the rich class, that’s making war, and we’re winning.” Five years later, he added: “Through the tax code, there has been class warfare waged, and my class has won. It’s been a rout.” I have always personally admired a good quality of magnanimity in winners, and felt a contrasting degree of umbrage toward those who exhibit jealously mean-spirited or excessively greedy and self-serving attitudes when they triumph. Smugly narcissistic gloating and excessive self- congratulations are small-minded, and not a pretty thing, and may manifest themselves in consequentially harmful ways. I strongly believe that we can and should create fairer and more sensible civilizations, and this Common Sense Revival helps identify excellent ways that this can be accomplished. The Story Behind the Story 6 Psychologists have studied the values and ideologies that differentiate the political left and the political right for many years. This research consistently identifies two antithetical value systems that have contrasting understandings of freedom, propriety, the individual, government, right and wrong, and the common good. These partisan political points of view have created an adversarial “argument culture” in which blaming others is typical in public discourse, and compromise is seen as weakness. This is especially apparent in news coverage on Fox News, which is an echo chamber of conservative spin that contrasts pathetically to progressive programming like that on MSNBC, which features astute analysis by Rachel Maddow and others. The organization Project Censored tracks the top stories that are inadequately covered by corporate media outlets. In its annual report, Censored 2013, Dispatches from the Media Revolution, the authors observed: “Polarized thinking is typical of the dynamics between competing sides in many conflicts. One side -- the innovators -- identifies a set of problems and promotes ideas or policies to address them. Standing in distinct opposition, traditionalists identify with the current system, and they feel allegiance to its strengths. Traditionalists see shortcomings in innovators’ plans and seek to preserve the old ways.” These Project Censored insights have given rise to the concept of “polarity management”. Its goal is to identify and fully integrate the strengths and weaknesses of all sides, rather than blaming one side or the other. Such a process of mediation encourages disputants to examine the weaknesses of their own positions and the strengths of others, so that solutions can be devised that address the issues that each party has, and their respective needs and fears. Polarity management is an excellent idea, but it faces the hurdle that our political representatives do not really seem to be all that interested in solutions in the heat of their partisan strife and fierce competition to get money to assure they can get elected and stay in power. There are surely better ways forward. It seems obvious that evidence and facts should be evaluated fairly, and decisions should be made accordingly. Our polarized politics has definitely led to some undesirable outcomes. For instance, our great American experiment in democracy is suffering a series of existential crises. Congress created a pathetic succession of ”fiscal crises” in the past decade that caused a loss of an estimated 2 million jobs. In a study commissioned by the conservative deficit hawk Pete Peterson, it was revealed that economic growth in the U.S. has been retarded by fiscal-cliff and debt-ceiling emergencies and the poorly-targeted 5% annual cut in federal spending that was forced by the resulting “sequester”. According to William Falk, editor-in-chief of The Week magazine, “America’s economy, in other words, is being actively sabotaged, and such self-destructive behavior is anything but conservative. Vigorous growth would flood the Treasury with tax dollars and shrink the deficit.” Sam Brownback, pay attention! Listen to William Falk’s conclusions: “One of the flaws of democracy is that a small group of angry zealots can exert outsized influence. Just 18 percent of the U.S. population is represented by the congressmen who forced the latest debt-ceiling crisis (in October 2013), but these extremists have intimidated Republican leaders, who value their own jobs more than yours. Most Americans are not intensely partisan, so when the crazies turn government into a bar fight and the broken bottles and chairs fly, the silent majority simply duck and become chagrined spectators. Disapproval, however, may not be sufficient to end the sabotage. Perhaps it’s time for the other 82 percent to get good and mad.” Anger, unfortunately, can be exploited by dangerous demagogues to promote prescriptions that are contrary to fair and smart planning, and that is exactly what has happened to allow Donald Trump to seize power. A map showing the status of “Freedom of the Press” in every country in the world came to me from Upworthy. This Map of the World shows every nation in a color-coded synopsis that reveals relative freedom of the press allowed to its citizens. Canada, Germany and Scandanavian countries enjoy a white color, meaning “Good situation”; the United States, Australia and most of Western Europe enjoy a “Satisfactory situation.” India, Italy, and much of Eastern Europe and South America have “Noticeable problems”, and Mexico and Russia are coded red for “Difficult situation”. Oppobriously, China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Somalia and Cuba suffer a “Very Serious situation”. The terrorist shootings at the offices of the French satirical newspaper Charli Hebdo in Paris in early January 2015 made it clear that Islamic governments must help marginalize violent extremists who oppose the freedom of the press and the freedom of religious beliefs. 7 Seeing this big picture summary of fredom of the press around the world, it becomes clear that most countries should strive to improve their ranking in this measure of fair governance. Greater freedoms of the press, and of protections for whistleblowers, are important because when such freedoms are curtailed, governments are more easily capable of imposing other oppressive measures on a populace, like restrictions on freedoms of speech and religious belief, and regressive changes in tax policies, and incursions against liberties and individual rights like those guaranteed in the Bill of Rights. The Trump triumph seriously threatens freedoms of expression in the United States. Nelson Mandela put it clearly and succinctly: "A critical, independent and investigative press is the lifeblood of any democracy." In outrageous contrast, Donald Trump stated as a candidate for president that he would counter criticism by journalists and newspaper editorials by changing libel laws in a way that would undermine the first amendment and the freedom of the press. He declared: “One of the things I’m gonna do, and this is only gonna make it tougher for me, and I’ve never said this before, but one of the things I’m gonna do if I win … is I’m gonna open up our libel laws so when they write purposely negative and horrible and false articles, we can sue them and win lots of money.” … “With me, they’re not protected, because I’m not like other people … We’re gonna open up those libel laws, folks, and we’re gonna have people sue you like you never get sued before.” It’s interesting that Trump thinks he's not like other people in this regard. In actuality, the U.S. Constitution says he is exactly like other people, because under the Constitution, all American citizens are equal under the law. "There is no Donald Trump Exception clause anywhere to be found. Even the Founding Fathers had to take their lumps from their critics. But we get where he is coming from -- the political milieu of fascism. Fascist dictators -- even wannabe fascist dictators -- cannot abide criticism." Authoritarian wannabe Trump hates criticism and frequently mocks and attacks the media. He resembles the demagogue Joseph McCarthy, a first-term Republican senator from Wisconsin in the early 1950s who corrupted political discourse by using falsehoods and innuendo, and stoked public fears by ruthlessly manipulating people’s fears of communism. He was brought down because Edward R. Murrow, a courageous journalist, understood that a bully like McCarthy could not be dealt with by traditional reporting. "Our democracy relies on an informed citizenry. Thoughtful, fair, balanced, comprehensive reporting in print and in photos or video may be the best way to know what's going on -- the way to best inform ourselves. Information is what keeps us free from tyranny." --- Nancy Conway Virtuous Economic Circles versus Vicious Economic Circles One thing that makes an economy stable and prosperous is a strong and vibrant middle class. In the three prosperous decades after World War II, the biggest and best-educated middle class in the world was created by means of initiatives like the G.I. Bill and the expansion of public universities and the empowerment of labor unions to give workers more bargaining power. The basic compact at the heart of the American economy was that employers rewarded productivity increases and paid their workers enough for hard work to buy the products American employers were selling. That basic bargain created a “virtuous circle” of higher living standards, more jobs, and better wages. Robert Reich visually describes this provocative example of a virtuous circle in the film Inequality for All. When productivity grows in businesses, then profits and wages increase, and workers buy more, companies hire more, tax revenues increase, governments invest more, and workers are better educated. In distinct contrast, a “vicious circle” can be created in which there is a downward spiral because the middle class doesn’t share in economic gains. As their wages stagnate, a vicious circle begins in which workers buy less, companies downsize, unemployment rises, tax revenues decline, budget deficits grow, government investments and programs are cut, and citizens and workers are not educated as well as they should be. The contrast between the outcomes of virtuous circles and vicious circles is one of the grandest conceptions clearly conveyed in Inequality for All. Note that virtuous circles and vicious circles refer to complex chains of events that reinforce themselves through feedback loops. A virtuous circle has favorable results, while vicious circles tend to 8 have the unintended consequence of producing outcomes that are generally detrimental to society as a whole. The wealthiest 1% of Americans simply cannot consume enough, no matter how hard they try, to generate the economic stimulus that a more affluent middle class could. The secret to a strong economy is to invest in education and to strengthen household incomes with a decent minimum wage, higher pay for overtime work, and stronger unions, and to raise skill levels, thereby generating sustained consumer demand. Strong economies like Germany’s pursue such virtuous circle policies. In Germany, workers are highly skilled and well educated, and collective bargaining rights are protected, and the middle class has money to spend -- and they also have significantly more leisure time than American workers, so they enjoy a higher quality of life. In contrast, falling real wages during a vicious circle undermines consumer demand, and this leads to shrinking output and higher rates of joblessness. Such trends make the economy fragile, and they boost social instability. When the middle class is skating on thin ice, and jobs offer low wages and poor benefits, the prospects for all are diminished. The “trickle-down” story repetitiously spoon-fed to the middle class and working class folks every election cycle in America is simply not true. “Post-truth” lies cannot override reality. When wealth is too heavily concentrated in the hands of the few, the amount spent on public schools, vital physical infrastructure and social programs is cut, and stresses on the middle class intensify. Too many people end up without an adequate education, and millions of people work long hours and do not have enough money to spend, and have little leisure time, so they have a lesser quality of life. When riches gush up into the hands of a monopolizing few, hardships trickle down. Politicians who push such an agenda for their own selfish benefit are socially deplorable. Increases in social stresses make people more vulnerable to ill health, mental depression, drug overdoses, violent conflicts and crime. Heightened inequalities and more people living in poverty are among the most serious of these stresses. The negative effects of stress are a biological fact; even trees subjected to increased stresses like drought, acid rain or forest fragmentation become increasingly vulnerable to diseases like Sudden Oak Death or lethal insect infestations like those by mountain pine beetles. In recognizing this, we should act to reduce the financial stress that the majority of Americans face. Author Naomi Wolf asked Robert Reich what three policy prescriptions he would give to an American president and Congress. Professor Reich replied that we should return to what was done successfully in the first three decades after World War II when prosperity was more widely shared. Specifically, he indicated that larger investments in public education should be made, including in higher education, and in physical infrastructure, and these initiatives should be funded by a smarter, fairer and more progressive system of taxation. Great ideas! The Consequences of Austerity Austerity programs generally contribute to a vicious circle, so they make particularly poor sense when economic activities are faltering. When hyper-stimulative economic policies and a deregulation of financial markets and excessive speculation created an economic bubble in real estate, the bubble was unstable and it began to burst in 2007. This created a financial crisis and subsequent economic recession that countries worldwide have been struggling to emerge from ever since. I believe it’s a good idea to honestly evaluate both sides of any argument. This helps in being able to objectively determine the best courses of action. We should keep in mind, however, that both sides of an argument are not equally valid. Fair-minded considerations of probable consequences can make it clear which point of view is most accurate. And we should realize that there is no correlation between the size of a megaphone that amplifies a position and the validity of the perspective it expresses. “Every conflict is one between different angles of vision, illuminating the same truth.” --- Mahatma Gandhi Legitimate disagreements exist over every hotly contested issue. Opposing viewpoints tend to generate a fog of reasonable-sounding arguments for their particular points of view. Since we are in a Bet Situation and must choose 9 which course to chart, it is important to develop a good way to decide what national policies should be pursued and the priorities that should be given to them. How can we best make such determinations in the heat of the contest? A good answer to this question can be found in the moral philosophy of consequentialism. This philosophical theory asserts a simple value, that the real consequences of any given course of action are the ultimate basis for judgments about its relative rightness or wrongness. Thus, the degree of positive or negative outcomes associated with any policy choice is the true measure of the legitimacy of all arguments for it or against it. To find clarity, the best way to assess an argument concerning a given course of action is by honestly evaluating the probable consequences of taking the action -- or of not taking the action. I reckon that one of the biggest disputes since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution concerns the proper prerogatives of capital versus those of labor. Monumental edifices of ideology have become accreted around this conflict between moneyed classes and working people. This strife was one of the basic issues in the very costly global struggle between capitalism and communism during the Cold War. Many wars have been fought as an outcome of this strife between factions seeking to triumph in the competition for money and power. Theodore Roosevelt declared in 1910 that contentious strife between Capital and Labor was a “conflict between the men who possess more than they have earned and the men who have earned more than they possess.” He added that this is “a struggle of freemen to gain and hold the right of self-government as against the special interests who twist the methods of free government into machinery for defeating the popular will.” Yikes! This struggle intensified in 2016 with twittering Trump rudely grabbing the megaphone. Roosevelt spoke those words in a speech titled The New Nationalism. He provocatively added: “At every stage, and under all circumstances, the essence of the struggle is to equalize opportunity, destroy unfair privilege, and give to the life and citizenship of every individual the highest possible value both to himself and to the commonwealth.” … “I stand for the square deal. But when I say that I am for the square deal, I mean not merely that I stand for fair play under the present rules of the games, but that I stand for having those rules changed so as to work for a more substantial equality of opportunity and of reward for equally good service.” Today, seeing that the concentration of wealth in the hands of the richest 1% of Americans has reached one of the most extreme levels ever, we should snap to alert attention. See here now! The dangers inherent in rash degrees of wealth inequality should provoke us into taking remedial action, for otherwise economic and social turmoil will intensify, and the potential for correlated human suffering will become exacerbated. This is the basic reason that Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis made the sensationally thought-provoking observation that Americans have a stark choice between democracy or wealth concentrated in the hands of the few. Public policies are contrary to the common good when they significantly increase inequalities and injustices and the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the top 1%. Trickle-down theory rationalizes economic policies that give most of the benefits of economic activities to the people who are already most financially well-off. Thirty- six years of statistics reveal that regressive changes in national tax policies made since 1981 have resulted in a deteriorating financial well-being of a vast majority of Americans and heavier concentration of wealth in the hands of the few. Professor Robert Reich succinctly states an added problem with this: “Liberals are concerned about the concentration of wealth because it almost inevitably leads to a concentration of power that undermines democracy.” Federal income taxes were instituted just over 100 years ago, when the Revenue Act of 1913 was passed. Statistics and evidence make it clear that the fastest economic growth and the most marked improvements in the common welfare have been achieved since then during times when tax rates are more steeply graduated. Information like this contradicts decades of proclamations of ideological certainty about the desirability of trickle-down economic policies and deficit-financed low tax rates for high income earners. As these words rock and roll into the public consciousness, let our imaginations waltz out in the spotlight, led by an elegantly expert tango of our consciences and our sense of individual responsibility for contributing to the common good. 10