UNCEASING STRIFE, UNENDING FEAR This page intentionally left blank UNCEASING STRIFE, UNENDING FEAR JACQUES DE THE´ RINES AND THE FREEDOM OF THE CHURCH IN THE AGE OF THE LAST CAPETIANS William Chester Jordan PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD COPYRIGHT©2005BYPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS PUBLISHEDBYPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS, 41WILLIAMSTREET,PRINCETON,NEWJERSEY08540 INTHEUNITEDKINGDOM:PRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS, 3MARKETPLACE,WOODSTOCK,OXFORDSHIREOX201SY ALLRIGHTSRESERVED LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA JORDAN,WILLIAMC.,1948– UNCEASINGSTRIFE,UNENDINGFEAR: JACQUESDETHE´RINESANDTHEFREEDOMOFTHECHURCH INTHEAGEOFTHELAST CAPETIANS/WILLIAMCHESTERJORDAN. P. CM. INCLUDESBIBLIOGRAPHICALREFERENCESANDINDEX. ISBN:0-691-12120-6(ALK.PAPER) 1.DETHE´RINES,JACQUES.2.FRANCE—CHURCHHISTORY. 3.CHURCHHISTORY—MIDDLEAGES,600–1500.I.TITLE. BX4705.D4285J672005 282'.44'09022—DC22 2004053455 BRITISHLIBRARYCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATAISAVAILABLE THISBOOKHASBEENCOMPOSEDINGALLIARD PRINTEDONACID-FREEPAPER.∞ PUP.PRINCETON.EDU PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 For Mom, . . . , Urban, Vicky, John, Clare, Lorna and to the memory of John Bell Henneman and Charles T. Wood, good friends and fine scholars This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS PREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii CHAPTER1 EncroachmentsonEcclesiasticalAuthority: Taxation,ClericalImmunity,andtheJews 1 CHAPTER2 ThePopeinAvignonandtheCrisisoftheTemplars 18 CHAPTER3 TheExemptionControversyattheCouncilofVienne 37 CHAPTER4 AnUneasyRelationship:ChurchandStateatthe CistercianAbbeyofSainte-MarieofChaalis 56 CHAPTER5 OldFightsandNew: FromExemptiontoUsuspauper 73 EPILOGUE UnceasingStrife,UnendingFear 98 NOTES 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY 137 INDEX 151 This page intentionally left blank PREFACE U SING THE CAREER of the French churchman Jacques de The´rines,thisbookretellssomeofthemostdramaticepisodesin thehistoryofFrenchecclesiasticalpoliticsintheearlyfourteenth century.Theperiodexperiencedthenotoriousandultimatelyviolentcon- frontation of Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV the Fair over the limitsofroyalandpapalpower,whatBrianTierneyinawidelyreadbook called “the Struggle of Church and State.” It was also the era when the French crown moved savagely but efficiently in expelling its Jews and, withgreatersavageryandequalefficiency,indestroyingtheOrderofthe KnightsTemplars.Withcomparabledeterminationandviolence,ecclesi- asticalprincesoftheperiod,especiallyPopeJohnXXII,imposedpunish- mentsonradicalcriticsofthechurch’swealth.Theagealsowitnessedthe papacy’srelocationtoAvignon(anactthatwouldlaterbelikenedtothe Babylonian Captivity of the ancient Jews), revolutionary aristocratic movementsinoppositiontotheFrenchcrown’sauthoritarianism,andthe crisis of the Great Famine, when both crown and ecclesiastical resources werestretchedtothelimitintheattempttosuccorthepoorandforestall socialrevolution.JacquesdeThe´rinesplayedasignificantandoftencritical roleinnearlyeveryoneoftheseevents,oftenatconsiderablepersonalrisk. Yet he diedpeacefully, having lived, sohis epitaph insists, the“model of apiouslife.” Despite his importance, very few scholarly studies give much space to Jacques.ThebestbiographicalsketchisthatofNoe¨lValois,publishedin 1914 in the thirty-fourth volume of the Histoire litte´raire de la France. No one knew as much about Jacques de The´rines as Valois or had more closely studied his works. His masterful summaries of these writings in thatpublicationandhiseditionofoneoftheworkssomeyearsbeforein thegreat archivaland historicaljournal Bibliothe`quede l’Ecolede Chartes haveinlargepartprovidedtherawmaterialforsubsequentscholars,even thoughtwoofJacquesdeThe´rines’streatiseswerealreadypartlyavailable in early modern editions. One major source, Jacques’s scholastic writ- ings—summarized briefly by Valois but at the time still unpublished— received an edition in 1958, a fruit of Pale´mon Glorieux’s extraordinary projecttoprinttheworksofthemedievalfacultyoftheologyattheUni- versity of Paris, where Jacques studied and taught for many years. The resultwasaneditionofthreehundredpagesincloselypackedtype.Atleast two more of Jacques’s treatises, more polemical than scholastic, remain unpublished.IhavebeenhelpedbyValois’ssummariesoftheseandofall theworks(itisfrighteninglyhardnottomimichisprose,sinceheusually