UN PEACEKEEPING PraegerSecurityInternationalAdvisoryBoard BoardCochairs LochK.Johnson,RegentsProfessorofPublicandInternationalAffairs,SchoolofPublic andInternationalAffairs,UniversityofGeorgia(U.S.A.) PaulWilkinson,ProfessorofInternationalRelationsandChairmanoftheAdvisory Board,CentrefortheStudyofTerrorismandPoliticalViolence,Universityof St.Andrews(U.K.) Members EliotA.Cohen,RobertE.OsgoodProfessorofStrategicStudiesandDirector,Philip MerrillCenterforStrategicStudies,PaulH.NitzeSchoolofAdvancedInternational Studies,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity(U.S.A.) AnthonyH.Cordesman,ArleighA.BurkeChairinStrategy,CenterforStrategicand InternationalStudies(U.S.A.) The´re`seDelpech,SeniorResearchFellow,CERI(AtomicEnergyCommission),Paris (France) SirMichaelHoward,formerProfessorofHistoryofWar,OxfordUniversity,and ProfessorofMilitaryandNavalHistory,YaleUniversity(U.K.) LieutenantGeneralClaudiaJ.Kennedy,USA(Ret.),formerDeputyChiefofStafffor Intelligence,Headquarters,DepartmentoftheArmy(U.S.A.) PaulM.Kennedy,J.RichardsonDilworthProfessorofHistoryandDirector,International SecurityStudies,YaleUniversity(U.S.A.) RobertJ.O’Neill,formerChicheleProfessoroftheHistoryofWar,AllSoulsCollege, OxfordUniversity(Australia) ShibleyTelhami,AnwarSadatChairforPeaceandDevelopment,Departmentof GovernmentandPolitics,UniversityofMaryland(U.S.A.) JusufWanandi,co-founderandmember,BoardofTrustees,CentreforStrategicand InternationalStudies(Indonesia) FareedZakaria,Editor,NewsweekInternational(U.S.A.) UN PEACEKEEPING MythandReality ANDRZEJ SITKOWSKI Foreword by Tadeusz Mazowiecki PRAEGERSECURITYINTERNATIONAL (cid:1) Westport,Connecticut London LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Sitkowski,Andrzej,1928– UNpeacekeeping:mythandreality/AndrzejSitkowski;forewordbyTadeuszMazowiecki. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0–275–99214–4(alk.paper) 1.UnitedNations—Peacekeepingforces. 2.Peacekeepingforces. I.Title. II.Title:United Nationspeacekeeping. JZ6374.S58 2006 341.5(cid:1)84–dc22 2006026027 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable. Copyright©2006byAndrzejSitkowski Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2006026027 ISBN:0–275–99214–4 Firstpublishedin2006 PraegerSecurityInternational,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881 AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.praeger.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 InmemoryofBarbara “WedonotthinkUnitedNationsfailed,wethinkithasneverbeentried.” U.S.SenatorWilliamFulbright “Excellencies,youaretheUnitedNations.” UnitedNationsSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnantotheheadsofstates andotherrepresentativesattheGeneralAssemblySessionin NewYorkonSeptember23,2003. Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 1. Script 13 2. MainActors 21 3. BetrayalinPalestineandItsLegacy(MiddleEast) 39 4. StumblingintoWar(TheCongo) 63 5. MissionAccomplished(Namibia) 77 6. TheFailedAuthority(Cambodia) 87 7. DefeatedbyWarlords(Somalia) 97 8. WitnessestoGenocide(Rwanda) 111 9. ThePredictableDisaster(ex-Yugoslavia) 125 10. TheProspects 143 Appendix:ExtractsfromChaptersVIandVIIoftheUNCharter 155 Notes 159 Index 181 ∗ Foreword the history of mankind is branded with armed conflicts of greater or lesser cruelty.Inthetwentiethcentury,whichwasnoexception,violentconflagrations reached, in fact, a tragic peak in the number of mainly civilian victims and in the scale of abhorrent crimes committed. The drama of the Second World War and the suffering of victims of the totalitarian Nazi and Stalinist regimes gave rise to a search for effective international countermeasures. The United Nations CharterandtheUniversalHumanRightsDeclarationweresupposedtoprovidethe foundationsofaneworderininternationalrelationswhichwouldmakeitpossible, notonlytoreacteffectivelytobrutalviolationsofbasichumanrights,butalsoto preventsuchviolations;astrongdesireprevailedamongthecommunitiesaffected bywaratrocitiesaswellastheirelite:nomoreAuschwitz,Katyn,Hiroshima,or mass deportations. The cold war put an early end to such hopes. The genocide perpetratedonthepeopleofCambodia,thoughwithoutdoubtthelargestinscale, was only one example of the atrocities committed in defiance of basic human values.TheUnitedNations,aninternationalorganizationthatcameintoexistence topreventsuchcrimes,provedtobehelpless.1 TheobjectiveofSolidarnosc,thepopularPolishmovementofthe1980s,was toreclaimpersonalfreedomanddignitythroughrecognitionandrespectofbasic human rights. The struggle against the totalitarian regime on the domestic front wasalsoastruggleforareshapingofinternationalrelations.Boththedemocratic transformationsinPolandandthecomingdownoftheBerlinWallin1989,along withitssymbolism,gaverisetoexpectationsthatinternationalorganizationswould changetheirwaysaswell.SuchhopeslookedclosesttofulfillmentinEurope. ∗TranslatedfromPolishbyIreneuszAdach.