Ultimate Limit State Analysis and Design of Plated Structures Ultimate Limit State Analysis and Design of Plated Structures Second Edition Jeom Kee Paik DepartmentofNavalArchitectureandOceanEngineeringatPusanNational University, Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering at University College London, UK Thiseditionfirstpublished2018 ©2018JohnWiley&SonsLtd EditionHistory UltimateLimitStateDesignofSteel-PlatedStructures,EditionOne.January2003.ISBN:978-0-471-48632-9. JeomKeePaik,AnilKumarThayamballi. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptas permittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableat http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofJeomKeePaiktobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Paik,JeomKee,author. Title:Ultimatelimitstateanalysisanddesignofplatedstructures/JeomKeePaik. Description:2ndedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includesindex.| Identifiers:LCCN2017046042(print)|LCCN2017056354(ebook)|ISBN 9781119367765(pdf)|ISBN9781119367789(epub)|ISBN9781119367796(cloth) Subjects:LCSH:Building,Ironandsteel.|Plates,Ironandsteel. Classification:LCCTA684(ebook)|LCCTA684.P242018(print)|DDC 624.1/821–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017046042 Coverdesign:Wiley Coverimage:(Background)©fredmantel/Gettyimages;(Insetimage)CourtesyofJeomKeePaik Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents Preface xvii AbouttheAuthor xix HowtoUseThisBook xxi 1 PrinciplesofLimitStateDesign 1 1.1 Structural Design Philosophies 1 1.1.1 Reliability-Based Design Format 3 1.1.2 Partial Safety Factor-Based Design Format 5 1.1.3 Failure Probability-Based Design Format 6 1.1.4 Risk-Based Design Format 7 1.2 Allowable Stress Design Versus Limit State Design 7 1.2.1 Serviceability Limit State Design 9 1.2.2 Ultimate Limit State Design 10 1.2.3 Fatigue Limit State Design 11 1.2.4 Accidental Limit State Design 15 1.3 Mechanical Properties of Structural Materials 17 1.3.1 Characterization of MaterialProperties 17 1.3.1.1 Young’s Modulus, E 19 1.3.1.2 Poisson’s Ratio, v 19 1.3.1.3 Elastic Shear Modulus, G 19 1.3.1.4 Proportional Limit, σ 20 P 1.3.1.5 Yield Strength, σ ,and Yield Strain, ε 20 Y Y 1.3.1.6 Strain-Hardening Tangent Modulus, E , and Strain-Hardening Strain, ε 20 h h 1.3.1.7 Ultimate Tensile Strength, σ 20 T 1.3.1.8 NeckingTangentModulus, E 22 n 1.3.1.9 Fracture Strain, ε , and Fracture Stress, σ 22 F F 1.3.2 Elastic–Perfectly Plastic Material Model 23 1.3.3 Characterization of the EngineeringStress–Engineering Strain Relationship 23 1.3.4 Characterization of the True Stress–True Strain Relationship 25 1.3.5 Effect of Strain Rates 29 1.3.6 Effect of ElevatedTemperatures 29 1.3.7 Effect of Cold Temperatures 30 1.3.8 Yield Condition Under Multiple Stress Components 34 1.3.9 The Bauschinger Effect: Cyclic Loading 37 vi Contents 1.3.10 Limits of Cold Forming 38 1.3.11 Lamellar Tearing 39 1.4 Strength Member Types for Plated Structures 39 1.5 Types of Loads 41 1.6 Basic Types of Structural Failure 42 1.7 Fabrication Related Initial Imperfections 43 1.7.1 Mechanism of Initial Imperfections 44 1.7.2 Initial Distortion Modeling 44 1.7.2.1 Plate Initial Deflection 47 1.7.2.2 Column-Type Initial Deflection of a Stiffener 56 1.7.2.3 Sideways Initial Distortion of a Stiffener 56 1.7.3 Welding Residual Stress Modeling 56 1.7.4 Modeling of Softening Phenomenon 59 1.8 AgeRelated Structural Degradation 60 1.8.1 Corrosion Damage 60 1.8.2 Fatigue Cracks 69 1.9 Accident Induced Damage 73 References 73 2 BucklingandUltimateStrengthofPlate–StiffenerCombinations:Beams, Columns,andBeam–Columns 79 2.1 Structural Idealizations of Plate–Stiffener Assemblies 79 2.2 Geometric Properties 82 2.3 Material Properties 82 2.4 Modeling of End Conditions 83 2.5 Loads and Load Effects 84 2.6 Effective Width Versus Effective Breadth of Attached Plating 85 2.6.1 Shear Lag-Induced Ineffectiveness: Effective Breadth of the Attached Plating 88 2.6.2 Buckling-InducedIneffectiveness:EffectiveWidthoftheAttachedPlating 91 2.6.3 Combined Shear Lag-Induced and Buckling-Induced Ineffectiveness 93 2.7 Plastic Cross-Sectional Capacities 93 2.7.1 Axial Capacity 93 2.7.2 Shear Capacity 93 2.7.3 Bending Capacity 94 2.7.3.1 Rectangular Cross Section 94 2.7.3.2 Plate–Stiffener Combination Model Cross Section 95 2.7.4 Capacity Under Combined Bendingand Axial Load 96 2.7.4.1 Rectangular Cross Section 97 2.7.4.2 Plate–Stiffener Combination Model Cross Section 98 2.7.5 Capacity Under Combined Bending, Axial Load, and Shearing Force 99 2.8 Ultimate Strength of the Plate–Stiffener Combination Model Under Bending 100 2.8.1 Cantilever Beams 101 2.8.2 Beams Simply Supported at Both Ends 102 2.8.3 Beams Simply Supported at One End and Fixed at the Other End 103 2.8.4 Beams Fixed at Both Ends 106 Contents vii 2.8.5 Beams Partially Rotation Restrainedat Both Ends 107 2.8.6 Lateral-Torsional Buckling 110 2.9 Ultimate Strength of the Plate–Stiffener Combination Model Under Axial Compression 110 2.9.1 Large-Deflection Behavior of Straight Columns 110 2.9.2 Elastic Buckling of Straight Columns 112 2.9.3 Effect of End Conditions 113 2.9.4 Effect of Initial Imperfections 115 2.9.5 Collapse Strength of Columns 119 2.9.5.1 The Johnson–Ostenfeld Formulation Method 120 2.9.5.2 The Perry–Robertson Formulation Method 120 2.9.5.3 The Paik–Thayamballi Empirical Formulation Method fora Steel Plate–Stiffener Combination Model 121 2.9.5.4 The Paik Empirical Formulation Method for anAluminum Plate–Stiffener Combination Model 122 2.9.6 Local Web or Flange BucklingUnder Axial Compression 125 2.9.7 Lateral-Torsional Buckling Under Axial Compression 126 2.10 UltimateStrengthofthePlate–StiffenerCombinationModelUnderCombined Axial Compressionand Bending 126 2.10.1 The Modified Perry–Robertson Formulation Method 126 2.10.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling Under Combined Axial Compression and Bending 129 References 132 3 ElasticandInelasticBucklingStrengthofPlatesUnderComplex Circumstances 135 3.1 Fundamentals of Plate Buckling 135 3.2 Geometric and Material Properties 136 3.3 Loads and Load Effects 136 3.4 Boundary Conditions 137 3.5 Linear Elastic Behavior 138 3.6 ElasticBucklingofSimplySupportedPlatesUnderSingleTypesofLoads 138 3.7 Elastic Buckling of Simply SupportedPlates Under Two Load Components 139 3.7.1 Biaxial Compression or Tension 139 3.7.2 Longitudinal Axial Compression and Longitudinal In-Plane Bending 141 3.7.3 Transverse Axial Compression and Longitudinal In-Plane Bending 142 3.7.4 Longitudinal Axial Compression and Transverse In-Plane Bending 143 3.7.5 Transverse Axial Compression and Transverse In-Plane Bending 144 3.7.6 Biaxial In-Plane Bending 144 3.7.7 Longitudinal Axial Compression and EdgeShear 145 3.7.8 Transverse Axial Compression and Edge Shear 145 3.7.9 Longitudinal In-Plane Bending and Edge Shear 146 3.7.10 Transverse In-Plane Bending and Edge Shear 147 3.8 Elastic Buckling of Simply SupportedPlates Under More than Three Load Components 147 3.9 Elastic Buckling of Clamped Plates 149 viii Contents 3.9.1 Single Types of Loads 149 3.9.2 Combined Loads 149 3.10 Elastic Buckling of Partially Rotation Restrained Plates 149 3.10.1 Rotational Restraint Parameters 149 3.10.2 Longitudinal Axial Compression 152 3.10.2.1 Partially Rotation Restrainedat Long Edges and Simply Supported at Short Edges 152 3.10.2.2 Partially Rotation Restrainedat Short Edges and Simply Supportedat Long Edges 153 3.10.2.3 Partially Rotation Restrainedat Both Long and Short Edges 154 3.10.3 Transverse Axial Compression 155 3.10.3.1 Partially Rotation Restrainedat Long Edges and Simply Supported at Short Edges 155 3.10.3.2 Partially Rotation Restrainedat Short Edges and Simply Supportedat Long Edges 156 3.10.3.3 Partially Rotation Restrainedat Both Long and Short Edges 157 3.10.4 Combined Loads 157 3.11 Effect of Welding Induced Residual Stresses 158 3.12 Effect of Lateral Pressure Loads 159 3.13 Effect of Opening 163 3.13.1 Longitudinal Axial Compression 163 3.13.2 Transverse Axial Compression 165 3.13.3 Edge Shear 166 3.13.4 Combined Loads 167 3.14 Elastic–Plastic Buckling Strength 168 3.14.1 Single Types of Loads 168 3.14.1.1 Plates Without Opening 168 3.14.1.2 Perforated Plates 170 3.14.2 Combined Loads 172 References 176 4 Large-DeflectionandUltimateStrengthBehaviorofPlates 179 4.1 Fundamentals of Plate Collapse Behavior 179 4.2 Structural Idealizations of Plates 185 4.2.1 Geometric Properties 185 4.2.2 Material Properties 186 4.2.3 Loads and Load Effects 186 4.2.4 Fabrication Related Initial Imperfections 186 4.2.5 Boundary Conditions 187 4.3 Nonlinear Governing Differential Equations of Plates 189 4.4 Elastic Large-DeflectionBehavior of SimplySupported Plates 191 4.4.1 Lateral Pressure Loads 192 4.4.2 Combined Biaxial Loads 195 4.4.3 Interaction Effect Between Biaxial Loads and Lateral Pressure 198 4.4.4 Interaction Effect Between Biaxial and Edge Shear Loads 200 4.5 Elastic Large-DeflectionBehavior of Clamped Plates 201 4.5.1 Lateral Pressure Loads 201 Contents ix 4.5.2 CombinedBiaxial Loads 203 4.5.3 Interaction Effect Between Biaxial Loads and Lateral Pressure 206 4.6 ElasticLarge-DeflectionBehaviorofPartiallyRotationRestrainedPlates 206 4.6.1 Longitudinal Compression 207 4.6.2 Transverse Compression 209 4.6.3 Biaxial Compression 210 4.7 Effect of the Bathtub Deflection Shape 210 4.8 Evaluation of In-Plane Stiffness Reduction Due to Deflection 214 4.8.1 Effective Width 218 4.8.2 Effective Length 224 4.8.3 Effective Shear Modulus 231 4.9 Ultimate Strength 234 4.9.1 Ultimate Strength by Gross Yielding 234 4.9.2 Rigid-Plastic Theory Method 234 4.9.2.1 Lateral Pressure Loads 234 4.9.2.2 Axial Compressive Loads 235 4.9.3 Membrane Stress-Based Method 240 4.9.3.1 Ultimate Strength Conditions 240 4.9.3.2 Lateral Pressure Loads 242 4.9.3.3 CombinedLongitudinal Axial Loads and Lateral Pressure 242 4.9.3.4 CombinedTransverse Axial Loads and Lateral Pressure 243 4.9.3.5 EdgeShear 245 4.9.3.6 CombinedEdge Shear Loads and Lateral Pressure 247 4.9.3.7 CombinedBiaxial Loads, Edge Shear Loads, and Lateral Pressure 248 4.10 Effect of Opening 251 4.10.1 Single Types of Loads 252 4.10.2 Biaxial Compression 253 4.10.3 CombinedLongitudinal Compression and Edge Shear 257 4.10.4 CombinedTransverse Compressionand EdgeShear 257 4.11 Effect of Age Related Structural Deterioration 257 4.11.1 Corrosion Damage 257 4.11.2 Fatigue Cracking Damage 260 4.12 Effect of Local Denting Damage 260 4.13 Average Stress–Average Strain Relationship of Plates 261 4.13.1 Pre-bucklingor Undeflected Regime 262 4.13.2 Post-buckling or DeflectedRegime 262 4.13.3 Post-ultimate Strength Regime 265 References 267 5 ElasticandInelasticBucklingStrengthofStiffenedPanelsandGrillages 271 5.1 Fundamentals of Stiffened Panel Buckling 271 5.2 Structural Idealizations of Stiffened Panels 272 5.2.1 Geometric Properties 272 5.2.2 MaterialProperties 273 5.2.3 Loads and Load Effects 274 5.2.4 Boundary Conditions 275 5.2.5 Fabrication Related Initial Imperfections 277 x Contents 5.3 Overall Buckling Versus Local Buckling 277 5.4 Elastic Overall BucklingStrength 278 5.4.1 Longitudinal Axial Compression 278 5.4.1.1 Longitudinally Stiffened Panels 278 5.4.1.2 Transversely Stiffened Panels 278 5.4.1.3 Cross-StiffenedPanels (Grillages) 278 5.4.2 Transverse Axial Compression 279 5.4.2.1 Longitudinally Stiffened Panels 279 5.4.2.2 Transversely Stiffened Panels 280 5.4.2.3 Cross-StiffenedPanels (Grillages) 280 5.4.3 Edge Shear 280 5.4.4 Combined Biaxial Compressionor Tension 281 5.4.5 Combined Uniaxial Compression and Edge Shear 282 5.5 Elastic Local BucklingStrength of Plating Between Stiffeners 283 5.6 Elastic Local BucklingStrength of Stiffener Web 283 5.6.1 Governing DifferentialEquation 283 5.6.2 Exact Web Buckling Characteristic Equation 284 5.6.3 Closed-Form Expressions of StiffenerWeb Buckling Strength 288 5.7 Elastic Local BucklingStrength of Stiffener Flange 289 5.8 Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength of Stiffeners 291 5.8.1 Fundamentals of Lateral-Torsional Buckling 291 5.8.2 Closed-Form Expressions of Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength 293 5.8.2.1 Elastic Flexural-Torsional Buckling Strength of Asymmetric Angle Stiffeners 296 5.8.2.2 ElasticFlexural-TorsionalBucklingStrengthofSymmetricTeeStiffeners 297 5.8.2.3 Elastic Flexural-Torsional Buckling Strength of Flat-Bar Stiffeners 297 5.8.2.4 Effect of Welding Induced Residual Stresses 298 5.9 Elastic–Plastic BucklingStrength 299 References 299 6 Large-DeflectionandUltimateStrengthBehaviorofStiffenedPanels andGrillages 301 6.1 Fundamentals of Stiffened Panel Ultimate Strength Behavior 301 6.2 Classification of Panel Collapse Modes 302 6.3 Structural Idealizations of Stiffened Panels 305 6.3.1 Collapse Modes Iand VI 307 6.3.2 Collapse Modes II, III, IV, and V 307 6.4 Nonlinear Governing Differential Equations of Stiffened Panels 307 6.4.1 Large-DeflectionOrthotropic Plate Theory 307 6.4.2 Large-DeflectionIsotropic Plate Theory 311 6.5 Elastic Large-Deflection Behavior After Overall Grillage Buckling 311 6.5.1 Lateral Pressure Loads 311 6.5.2 Combined Biaxial Loads 312 6.5.3 Effect of theBathtub Deflection Shape 314 6.5.4 Interaction Effect BetweenBiaxial Loads and Lateral Pressure 315 6.6 Ultimate Strength 315 6.6.1 Mode I: Overall Collapse 315