UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) O&M MANUAL: STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DUST CONTROL ON ROADS, AIRFIELDS, BASE CAMPS, AND ADJACENT AREAS APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) O&M MANUAL: STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DUST CONTROL ON ROADS, AIRFIELDS, BASE CAMPS, AND ADJACENT AREAS Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use. Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the copyright holder. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (Preparing Activity) NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER CENTER Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \1\ ... /1/) Change No. Date Location This UFC supersedes UFC 3-260-17, dated 16 January 2004, and Air Force ETL 09- 3, dated 3 March 2009. UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 FOREWORD The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance with USD (AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and work for other customers where appropriate. All construction outside of the United States is also governed by Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction Agreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.) Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the most stringent of the UFC, the SOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable. UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria for military construction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC) are responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies should contact the preparing service for document interpretation and improvements. Technical content of UFC is the responsibility of the cognizant DoD working group. Recommended changes with supporting rationale should be sent to the respective service proponent office by the following electronic form: Criteria Change Request. The form is also accessible from the Internet sites listed below. UFC are effective upon issuance and are distributed only in electronic media from the following source: • Whole Building Design Guide web site http://dod.wbdg.org/. Refer to UFC 1-200-01, DoD Building Code (General Building Requirements), for implementation of new issuances on projects. AUTHORIZED BY: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ LARRY D. McCALLISTER, PhD, PE, PMP, SES JOSEPH E. GOTT, P.E. Chief, Engineering and Construction Chief Engineer Directorate of Civil Works Naval Facilities Engineering Command U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ______________________________________ ______________________________________ EDWIN H. OSHIBA, SES MICHAEL McANDREW Director, AF Civil Engineer Center Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Facility Investment and Management) Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Energy, Installations, and Environment) UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) REVISION SUMMARY SHEET Document: UFC 3-260-17, O&M Manual: Standard Practice for Dust Control on Roads, Airfields and Adjacent Areas Superseding: UFC 3-260-17, Dust Control for Roads, Airfields and Adjacent Areas, dated 16 January 2004, and Air Force ETL 09-3, Chemical Dust Control for Contingency Roads, Base Camps, Helipads, and Airfields, dated 3 March 2009. Description: This UFC provides guidance for dust control materials and methods that are used successfully on roads, airfields, base camps, and areas adjacent to these structures to reduce airborne dust. This UFC applies to Army, Navy, and Air Force installations. Reasons for Document: The primary reason for the document update was to bring the document in compliance with UFC 1-300-01, Criteria Format Standard. A number of editorial changes were also needed to improve readability and correct typographical errors. Impact: Cost impact is negligible; improved guidance typically results in improved performance and reduced lifecycle cost. Unification Issues: None. Disclaimer: Use of the name or mark of any specific manufacturer, commercial product, commodity, or service in this publication does not imply endorsement. UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 1-1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE. ......................................................................... 1 1-2 APPLICABILITY ....................................................................................... 1 1-3 REFERENCES. ........................................................................................ 1 1-4 GLOSSARY. ............................................................................................. 1 1-5 DEFINITION AND CAUSE. ...................................................................... 1 1-5.1 Traffic Areas. ........................................................................................ 2 1-5.2 Non-traffic Areas. .................................................................................. 2 1-5.3 Occasional-Traffic Areas. ...................................................................... 2 1-5.4 Dust Palliative. ...................................................................................... 2 1-5.5 Pre-Wet. ................................................................................................ 2 CHAPTER 2 FACTORS FOR CONSIDERATION ......................................................... 3 2-1 GENERAL. ............................................................................................... 3 2-2 FACTORS INFLUENCING DUST. ........................................................... 3 2-3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ............................................................... 3 2-4 EXPECTED TRAFFIC. ............................................................................. 4 2-4.1 Non-traffic Areas. .................................................................................. 5 2-4.2 Occasional Traffic Areas. ...................................................................... 5 2-4.3 Traffic Areas. ........................................................................................ 5 2-5 TOPOGRAPHY. ....................................................................................... 5 2-5.1 Distinction Between Flat and Hillside Areas. ......................................... 5 2-5.2 Dust Control for Flat and Hillside Areas. ............................................... 5 2-6 SOIL TYPE. .............................................................................................. 6 2-6.2 Silts or Clays (High Liquid Limit). .......................................................... 6 2-6.3 Silts or Clays (Low Liquid Limit). ........................................................... 6 2-6.4 Sands or Gravels (With Fines). ............................................................. 6 2-6.5 CL Sands (With Little or No Fines). ...................................................... 6 2-6.6 Gravels (With Little or No Fines). .......................................................... 6 2-7 SOIL SURFACE FEATURES. .................................................................. 6 2-7.1 Loose and Dry or Slightly Damp. .......................................................... 7 2-7.2 Loose and Wet or Slurry. ...................................................................... 7 2-7.3 Firm and Dry or Slightly Damp. ............................................................. 7 2-7.4 Firm and Wet. ....................................................................................... 7 i UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 2-8 CLIMATE. ................................................................................................. 7 2-8.1 Adverse Effects. .................................................................................... 7 2-8.2 Weather Extremes. ............................................................................... 7 2-8.3 Freezing Effects. ................................................................................... 7 2-8.4 Storage of Liquids. ................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 3 DUST CONTROL METHODS ................................................................... 9 3-1 GENERAL. ............................................................................................... 9 3-2 AGRONOMIC METHODS. ....................................................................... 9 3-2.1 Vegetative Cover. ................................................................................. 9 3-2.2 Mulch. ................................................................................................. 10 3-2.3 Windbreaks. ........................................................................................ 10 3-2.4 Rough Tillage. ..................................................................................... 10 3-3 TOPICAL APPLICATIONS. ................................................................... 11 3-3.1 Surface Penetration. ........................................................................... 11 3-3.2 Surface Cover. .................................................................................... 12 3-4 ADMIXTURE METHOD. ......................................................................... 12 3-4.1 Depth of Treatment. ............................................................................ 13 3-4.2 Offsite Mixing. ..................................................................................... 13 3-4.3 Effectiveness. ..................................................................................... 13 3-4.4 Pertinent Areas. .................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 4 DUST PALLIATIVES .............................................................................. 15 4-1 GENERAL. ............................................................................................. 15 4-1.1 Dust Palliative Categories. .................................................................. 15 4-1.2 Hard or Soft Crust. .............................................................................. 15 4-1.3 Waterproofing Soils. ........................................................................... 15 4-1.4 Materials General Overview. ............................................................... 15 4-2 DETAILED DUST PALLIATIVE DESCRIPTION. ................................... 16 4-2.1 Water. ................................................................................................. 16 4-2.2 Chloride Salts. .................................................................................... 16 4-2.3 Petroleum Products. ........................................................................... 16 4-2.4 Lignins. ............................................................................................... 17 4-2.5 Polymer. .............................................................................................. 17 4-2.6 Synthetic Fluids. ................................................................................. 18 4-2.7 Polysaccharides. ................................................................................. 18 ii UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 4-2.8 Cementing Materials. .......................................................................... 18 4-2.9 Polyacrylamides. ................................................................................. 18 4-2.10 Alternative Materials. .......................................................................... 19 4-2.11 Vendor Summary and Selection. ........................................................ 19 CHAPTER 5 DUST PALLIATIVE APPLICATION ....................................................... 21 5-1 GENERAL APPLICATION INFORMATION. .......................................... 21 5-1.1 Soil Type. ............................................................................................ 21 5-1.2 Application Equipment. ....................................................................... 21 5-1.3 Application Rates. ............................................................................... 21 5-1.4 Dilution Ratios. .................................................................................... 22 5-1.5 Topical Method. .................................................................................. 22 5-1.6 Admixture Method. .............................................................................. 22 5-2 DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT. ............................................................... 25 5-3 DETAILED APPLICATION GUIDANCE. ................................................ 25 5-3.1 Dust Abatement on Helipads. ............................................................. 25 5-3.2 Dust Abatement on Roads. ................................................................. 28 5-3.3 Dust Abatement in Base Camps and Other Non-Traffic Areas. .......... 29 5-3.4 Dust Abatement Around Fixed-Wing Airfields. .................................... 30 CHAPTER 6 ECONOMICS .......................................................................................... 33 6-1 GENERAL. ............................................................................................. 33 6-2 ECONOMIC FACTORS. ......................................................................... 33 6-2.2 Initial Cost. .......................................................................................... 33 6-2.3 Equipment and Labor Costs. .............................................................. 33 6-3 FINAL SELECTION. ............................................................................... 34 APPENDIX A REFERENCES ...................................................................................... 35 APPENDIX B BEST PRACTICES ............................................................................... 37 APPENDIX C GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... 47 FIGURES Figure 2-1 Three Examples of Typical Dust Clouds ............................................... 4 Figure 5-1 Grading Road Surface Prior to Treatment .......................................... 23 Figure 5-2 Applying Product with Hydroseeder and Mixing into Road Surface with Rotary Mixer ....................................................................................... 24 iii UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 Figure 5-3 Compacting Road Surface After Mixing .............................................. 24 Figure 5-4 Applying Final Spray to Seal Road Surface After Compaction ........... 25 Figure 5-5 Filling Hydroseeder from Material Tote ............................................... 27 Figure 5-6 Topical Application from Hydroseeder Tower Gun (Top) or Hose (Bottom) .............................................................................................. 27 Figure 5-7 UH-1 Rotary-Wing Aircraft Operating on Treated Helipad .................. 28 Figure B-1 Types of Fixed Sand Dunes ..................................................................... 38 Figure B-2 Types of Moving Sand Dunes .................................................................. 39 Figure B-3 Cross-Section of Dune Showing Initial and Subsequent Fences ............. 40 Figure B-4 Three Fences Installed to Control Dune Formation ................................. 41 Figure B-5 Three Types of Solid Fencing or Paneling for Control of Dune Formation 41 Figure B-6 Schematic of Dune Destruction or Stabilization by Selective Treatment .. 42 TABLES Table B-1 Product and Vendor Information for Dust Palliatives ................................. 44 Table B-2 Product and Vendor Information for Equipment ........................................ 45 iv UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE. This UFC provides guidance for dust control materials and methods used on roads, airfields, base camps, and areas adjacent to these structures to reduce airborne dust. Dust develops naturally in unpaved, denuded, or sparsely vegetated areas. Dust is created in unsurfaced areas subjected to concentrated foot or vehicular traffic and is a problem on shoulders of surfaced aircraft areas. Dust control improves health, safety, and wellness, limits increased costs associated with damage and maintenance on vehicles and other equipment, and minimizes dust signatures during military operations. This UFC discusses dust control methods and materials that have proven effective to reduce dust; provides suggestions for rates and methods of application of materials for various soil types and environmental conditions; and discusses factors, such as availability, curing time, durability, logistics, and economics, which are significant in the ultimate choice of material. Agronomic, topical, and admixture methods are discussed; however, the primary focus is on dust palliatives. Appendix B addresses the specific problem of dune sands and how they may be partially controlled. 1-2 APPLICABILITY This UFC applies to all military Service elements and contractors involved in the planning, design, construction, maintenance, repair, or preservation of DOD pavements worldwide. This UFC provides guidance for dust control materials and methods that are used successfully on roads, airfields, base camps, and areas adjacent to these structures to reduce airborne dust. This UFC outlines standard practices and will result in better oversight of work and help identify problem areas during application of the maintenance and repair (M&R) process. 1-3 REFERENCES. Appendix A contains a list of references used in this UFC. The publication date of the code or standard is not included in this UFC. In general, the latest available issuance of the reference is used. 1-4 GLOSSARY. Appendix C contains acronyms, abbreviations, and terms. 1-5 DEFINITION AND CAUSE. The term “dust” is defined as particles of soil that have become airborne. Dust consists mainly of soil particles finer than 0.003 inch (0.074 millimeter) (i.e., passing the No. 200 sieve as described in ASTM E11). Dust is produced whenever the outside force(s) acting on a soil particle exceeds the force(s) holding it in place. Dust may occur naturally from the force of wind, although the production of dust is accelerated in areas of soil experiencing actual physical abrasion caused by the environment, vehicles, or activity. Dust is reduced by ground covers (such as grass, mulch, and geotextiles) that prevent wind forces from acting on the soil grains. Another mechanism is by adhesion 1 UFC 3-260-17 22 May 2018 between fine soil grains due to surface tension from liquids (such as water) or a physical bonding agent (such as portland cement). Agglomeration of fines increases the effective particle size, limiting the ability to become airborne. Other terms unique to this UFC are listed and defined in the following paragraphs. 1-5.1 Traffic Areas. Traffic areas include roadways and vehicle parking areas; walkways; open storage areas; construction sites; runways, taxiways, shoulders, overruns, and parking areas of airfields and heliports; and tank trails. 1-5.2 Non-traffic Areas. Non-traffic areas include graded construction areas prior to turfing; graded construction areas that remain dormant for an extended period of time; denuded areas around the periphery of completed construction projects; areas bordering all airfield or heliport complexes; protective petroleum, oil, and lubricant (POL) dikes; magazine embankments of ammunition storage barricades; bunkers and revetments; cantonment, warehouse, storage, and housing areas, excluding walkways and roadways; unimproved grounds; and areas experiencing windborne sand (see Appendix B). 1-5.3 Occasional-Traffic Areas. Occasional-traffic areas include shoulders and overruns of airfields used by propeller or jet aircraft; shoulders, hover lanes, and peripheral areas of heliports and helipads; and non-traffic areas where occasional traffic becomes necessary. 1-5.4 Dust Palliative. A dust palliative is a material applied to soil to prevent soil particles from becoming airborne. Other terms used to indicate a dust control material include dustproofer, soil stabilizer, soil waterproofer, and dust control agent. 1-5.5 Pre-Wet. Pre-wetting is the initial application of water on a soil surface prior to applying a liquid surface penetrant. This action primes the soil, improving the penetration and coverage of water-based palliatives. 2