The latest edition of this work has been brought to publication with the generous assistance of Marguerite and Gerry Lenfest. Naval Institute Press 291 Wood Road Annapolis, MD 21402 © 1990 by Jordan Vause All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First Bluejacket Books printing, 2001 ISBN 978-1-61251-380-5 (eBook) The Library of Congress has cataloged the paperback edition as follows: Vause, Jordan U-boat ace : the story of Wolfgang Lüth / Jordan Vause. p. cm. Originally published: Annapolis : Naval Institute Press, cl990. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Lüth, Wolfgang . 2. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations, Submarine. 3. World War, 1939–1945 —Naval operations, German. 4. World War, 1939–1945—Campaigns—North Atlantic Ocean. 5. Germany. Kriegsmarine—Biography. 6. Sailors—Germany—Biography. I. Title. D784.G3 V38 2001 940.54'51—dc21 2001044541 Print editions meet the requirements of ANSI/NISO z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). 987654 To Carmel Wolfgang Lüth CONTENTS List of Equivalent Ranks (World War II) Foreword Preface Introduction 1. Preparation 2. All Beginnings Are Difficult 3. The Iron Cross Boat 4. A Night of Long Knives 5. The Balt and His Men 6. The End of Happy Times 7. Problems of Leadership 8. “Good Luck and Good Shooting!” 9. The Second Lüth 10. Death and Flying Fishes 11. The Long Patrol 12. Evening Song 13. Afterward Notes Bibliography Index List of Equivalent Ranks (World War II) Germany United States Obersteuermann Chief helmsman, a senior enlisted rank of some importance* Seekadett Naval cadet* Fähnrich zur See Midshipman Oberfähnrich zur See Senior midshipman* Leutnant zur See Ensign Oberleutnant zur See Lieutenant (junior grade) Kapitänleutnant (“Kaleu”) Lieutenant Korvettenkapitän Lieutenant commander Fregattenkapitän Commander Kapitän zur See Captain Kommodore Commodore (used only by a Kapitän zur See holding a flag officer’s position) Konteradmiral Rear admiral Vizeadmiral Vice admiral Admiral Admiral Generaladmiral Navy equivalent of the German Army colonel general* Grossadmiral Fleet admiral *No equivalent rank exists in the U.S. Navy. FOREWORD We of Lüth’s generation were given two lives. In our first life we were hard- charging and reckless; in our second life, after a fall like that of Icarus, we became introverted, restrained, confused. We survived the fall, but we must bear responsibility for it. We are still trying to understand why it happened. Wolfgang Lüth plunged into the darkness with us. I can see him during a last conversation shortly before his death, “with hollow cheeks and sunken eyes” like one of the figures in Rodin’s “Burgesses of Calais,” exhausted after years of siege, a rope already at his neck, delivered unconditionally into the hands of a merciless victor. Lüth, like the knight Parsifal, died a young man, but his conduct and his achievements had won for him the respect of his men and the recognition of the world. Like Parsifal, he lived in harmony with the values, the norms, the rules of behavior dictated by his social and political environment. Loyalty, courage, honor, and country were the pillars of his life. Myths have grown up around these words, from the Iliad through the Nibelungenlied to Rilke’s “Cornet”; the words are personified in the hero who stands up for them at the risk of his life, who errs, who suffers, yet who passes on his beliefs. Parsifal, the knight, the hero. Lüth was not the knight of Dürer, accompanied by Death and Satan. He did not see the evil of the political state for which he lived and staked his life—the extent of its hubris, its perversion of values and virtues. He did not see that many of his traditional values were already gone, destroyed. He did not perceive the ambiguity of the state’s skewed perspective, nor that of his own. In the same way, many of the ideas that he presented and published, particularly those on leadership and personnel management, were shaped by circumstances and the spirit of the times. Lüth’s style of leadership was formed primarily by events far out of the ordinary in the U-boat war: long voyages to distant waters that lasted anywhere from two to seven months; a monotonous onboard routine; great but relatively easy success. His experience contrasted with that of others engaged in the terrible operations in the North Atlantic, where a man’s life expectancy was about four months. This style, which Lüth set forth in the lecture “Problems of Leadership,” harmonized with his political surroundings. Thus the lecture attained the status of an ideological manual, the weight, almost, of an honor code at the German Naval Academy, whose commandant he became. Once we know their limitations, we have to ask ourselves if his words can be accepted now as they were spoken then. It is as though one were looking into a kaleidoscope, glimpsing many-colored stones in a shifting mosaic. The stones represent the cardinal virtues, Lüth’s virtues, of intelligence, moderation, courage, and justice. But when the kaleidoscope turns, another picture takes shape. The stones are the same, their effect different; they have been changed by their surroundings in some way. Mankind has always had to live with the prospect of the apocalypse, the Götterdämmerung. The many-headed beasts from land and sea were always there, and the harnessing of nuclear power brings them that much closer. In place of a Parsifal, the ideal knight, therefore, we have the logician, the clear thinker who can lead his men with steady nerves, discrimination, and intelligent self-control. From my acquaintance with Wolfgang Lüth, by tradition a Balt and a Prussian, and therefore combative but disciplined, I am sure he would have pursued this path had fate allowed him to survive.