TYRANIVOSAURUS REX, THE TYRANT KING Life of the Past James O. Farlow editor TYRANNOSAURUS REX, THE TYRANT KING Edited by Peter Larson and Kenneth Carpenter Indiana Unit ersity Press B I o omin gton 6 lndi an ap oli s This book is a publication of lndiana University Press 601 North Morton Streel Bloomington, lN 47404-3797 USA http: / / i u press. i nd ia n a.ed u Telep h o n e orders : 800 - 842- 679 6 Fax orders: 81 2-855-793 1 Orders by e-mail: [email protected] @ 2008 by lndiana University Press All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American tJniversity Presses' Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for lnformation Sciences-Perma- nence of Paper for Printed Library Mateild1 ANSI 239.48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of Ameilca Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tyrannosaurus rex, the tyrant king / edited by Peter Larson and Kenneth Carpenter. p cm. - (Life of the past) lncludes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-253-35087-9 (cloth: alk. pape) 1. Tyrannosau- rus rex-Research. L Larson, Peter L. Il. Carpenter, Kenneth, date QE862.S3T977 2008 567.912'9-dc22 2007045376 12345131211100908 CO NTE NTS ix SUPPLEMENTAL CD-ROM CONTENTS xi CONTRIBUTORS xiii PREFAC E xv INSTITUTIONAL ABBREVIATIONS 'f On" Hundred Years of Tyrannosaurus rex:The Skeletons 1 NEAI L. LARSON A Wyoming's Dynamosaurus imperiosus and Other Early Z Discoveries of Tyrannosaurus rex in the Rocky Mountain West 57 BRENT H. BREITHAUPT, ELIZABETH H, SOUTHWELL, AND NEFFRA A. IVATTHEWS How Old ls T. rex? Challenges with the Dating of Terrestrial Strata Deposited during the 3 Maastrichtian Stage of the Cretaceous Period 63 KIRK JOHNSON Preliminary Account of the Tyrannosaurid Pete +A from the Lance Formation of Wyoming 67 KRAIG DERSTLER AND JOHN M. IVYERS r- Taphonomy of the Tyrannosaurus rex Peck's Rex ) from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana 75 KRAIG DERSTLER AND JOHN N/. N/YERS Taphonomy and Environment of Deposition of a Juvenile Tvrannosaurid Skeleton from the Hell Creek Formation OlF (Latest Maastrichtian) of Southeastern Montana 33 '.1 a-ai- D IENDERSON AND WlLLlAl\4 H. HARRlSON 1 / One Pretty AmazingT. rex 93 fvlARY NIGBY SCHWEITZER, JENNIFER L, WITTMEYER, AND JOHN R. HORNER 6 Variation and Sexual Dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex 103 PETER LARSON Why Tyrannosaurus rex Had Puny Arms:An _ Integral Morphodynamic Solution to a Simple A Y Puzzle in Theropod Paleobiology 131 MARTIN LOCKLEY, REIJI KUKIHARA, AND LAURA MITCHELL 10 Looking Again at the Forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex 167 CHRISTINE LIPKIN AND KENNETH CARPENTER 4.1 | | Rex, Sit: Digital Modeling of Tyrannosaurus rexat Rest 193 KENT A. STEVENS, PETER LARSON, ERIC D. WILL5, AND ART ANDERSON .l 't I Z il rex Speed Trap 205 PHILLIP L. MANNING 5 | Atlas of the Skull Bones of Tvrannosaurus rex 233 PETER LARSON ltA l+ Palatal Kinesis of Tvrannosaurus rex 245 HANS C, E, LARSSON .lr I ) Reconstruction of the Jaw Musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex 255 RALPH E, I\4OLNAR vi Contents lO Vestigialism in a Dinosaur 283 WILLIAM L, ABLER Tyrannosaurid Pathologies as Clues to Nature 4a I I and Nurture in the Cretaceous 287 BRUCE IV, ROTHSCHILD AND RALPH E. MOLNAR The Extreme Lifestyles and Habits of the Gigantic Tyrannosaurid Superpredators of the Late 18 Cretaceous of North America and Asia 307 GREGORY S. PAUL _ An Analysis of Predator-Prey Behavior in a Head-to-Head 19 Encountlr between Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops 355 JOHN HAPP _ A Critical Reappraisal of the Obligate Scavenging Hypothesis 20 for Tyrannosaurus rex and other Tyrant Dinosaurs 371 THOIMAS R, HOLTZ JR. 14 Z I Tyrannosaurus rex: A Century of Celebrity 399 DONALD F. GLUT 429 IN DEX vii Contents CONTRIBUTORS William L. Abler, 1200 Warren Creek Rd., Arcata, CA 95521, USA. Art Anderson, Virtual Surfaces lnc., 832 E Rand Rd., Suite 16, Mt. Prospect, lL 60056, USA. Brent H. Breithaupt, Geological Museum, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. Kenneth Carpenter, Department of Earth Sciencet Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denver, CO 80206, USA. Kraig Derstler, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA. Donald F. Glut,2805 N Keystone St., Burbank, CA 91504-1604, USA lohn Happ, 3889 Chestnut Hill Rd., Harpers Ferry, WV 25425, USA. William H. Harrison, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciencet Northern lllinois University, Dekalb, lL 60115, USA Michael D. Henderson, Burpee Museum of Natural History, 737 N Main St., Rockford, lL 61103, USA. Thomas R. Holtz Jr., Department of Geology, university of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. John R. Horner, Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Kirk lohnson, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denver, CO 80206, USA. Reiji Kukihara, Dinosaur Tracks Museum, University of Colorado at Denver, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217, USA. Neal L. Larson, Black Hills lnstitute of Geological Research lnc., P.O. Box 643, Hill City, SD 57745, USA. Peter Larson, Black Hills lnstitute of Geological Research lnc., P.O. Box 643, Hill City, SD 57745, USA. Hans C. E. Larsson, Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada. Christine Lipkin, University of Chicago, Chicago, lL 60637, USA. Martin Lockley, Dinosaur Tracks Museum, Univertty of Colorado at Denver, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217, USA