© The Authors, 2012. Journal compilation © Australian Museum, Sydney, 2012 Records of the Australian Museum (2012) Vol. 64: 149-158. ISSN 0067-1975 http://dx.doi.Org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.64.2012.1591 Two New Species of Stenophragma Skuse from Western Australia (Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Sciophilinae) Sarah Siqueira Oliveira* and Dalton de Souza Amorim Universidade de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil [email protected] [email protected] Abstract. Stenophragma Skuse was originally described for S', meridianum (Skuse), from Australia. Since then seventeen species have been added to the genus—from Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Argentina, and Canada. We add two new species to the genus Stenophragma—S. bickeli n.sp. and S. collessi n.sp.—from Western Australia. An identification key for the Australian species of Stenophragma is provided. Comments are made about possible relationships among these new species and the remaining Australasian species of the genus. Oliveira, Sarah Siqueira, and Dalton de Souza Amorim. 2012. Two new species of Stenophragma Skuse from Western Australia (Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Sciophilinae). Records of the Australian Museum 64(2): 149-158. Keywords: Stenophragma; Sciophilinae; Mycetophilidae; Australia; Taxonomy. The current diversity of Mycetophilidae, a family known to as well as genera with M2 and/or M4 weakly developed or be present already in the Jurassic, exceeds 4,100 described missing, or with an unattached vein between the medial and species distributed in approximately 180 extant genera cubital veins (Oliveira & Amorim, 2010). (Evenhuis, 1994; Amorim & Silva, 2002; Pape etal., 2011). As found in other ancient insect families with broad The known diversity of the Australian Mycetophilidae distribution, the Australian Mycetophilidae fauna does not is poor, with only 75 species, described mainly by F. A. compose a single clade, instead it exhibits a mixture of A. Skuse, for the Australian continent, A. L. Tonnoir for elements of different origins and a complex biogeographic Tasmania, and L. Matile for New Caledonia (Evenhuis, history. Stenophragma Skuse is one of the genera that have 2012); but the actual fauna is no doubt much richer (Yeates species in both the Australian and Neotropical regions. et al., 2009). Stenophragma is poorly known in terms of its biology. In The family is certainly monophyletic (e.g., Rindal et al., the Neotropics, adults can be collected with Malaise traps 2009), but phylogenetic studies using morphological (Soli, in humid forests throughout the year, but most species show 1997; Tozoni, 1998) and molecular data (Rindal etal., 2009) a peak of activity in the spring and autumn (Duret, 1976). have demonstrated that Sciophilinae s.l. is paraphyletic in Skuse (1890) erected the genus Stenophragma from a relation to the Mycetophilinae. This justifies the subfamilial species from Australia—S. meridianum, previously allocated rank given to taxa previously presented as tribes (Vaisanen, in the genus Homapsis (Skuse, 1888; Blugledich, 1999). 1984; Matile, 1989; Rindal et al., 2009). The Sciophilinae He also described the two other known Australian species: s.s. includes genera with medial and cubital forks complete, S. hirtipennis and S. picticornis (Skuse, 1890; see also * author for correspondence 150 Records of the Australian Museum (2012) Vol. 64 Bugledich, 1999). In addition to these three species, fifteen Sc reaching C close to Rs; C ending a short distance after others have been assigned to the genus: S. paponorum Matile, R5; R4 present or absent; first sector of CuA very long, twice from New Caledonia (Matile, 1991); S. longifurcata Freeman, the length of cubital fork; M1+2 extremely reduced; M4 S. ochracea Freeman, S. argentina Duret, S. naumanni Duret, strong curved basally; M4 and CuA complete and divergent. and S. obscura Duret, from Argentina (Freeman, 1951; Duret, Anepistemum bare, laterotergite and mediotergite setose. 1976); S. andina Duret, from Ecuador (Duret, 1979); S. fusca Male gonostyle with two or three main branches, rows of Edwards, from Peru; S. hnmeralis Edwards, from Paraguay; long and short spines organized in different arrangements. S. intermedia Edwards, S. morigenea Edwards, and S. Tergite nine more or less rectangular distally, with a clear nigricauda Edwards, from Brazil; S. pleuralis Edwards, waist close to apex, more or less membranous, densely from Bolivia (Edwards, 1934, 1940); and S. glabanum covered by short, thin setulae on inner surface. (Johannsen) and S. similis (Johannsen), from northeastern USA and eastern Canada respectively (Johannsen, 1910; Stenophragma bickeli n.sp. see also Zaitzev, 1982). However, some of the Neotropical Figs. 1-3, 5-13 species of Stenophragma appear to belong to a new genus (Christopher Borkent, pers. comm.). Diagnosis. Wing with light brown maculae on sc-r, on first In this paper, two new species of Stenophragma from section of Rs, and on CuA beyond insertion of M4; R4 absent. Western Australia are described, increasing the known Gonostyle with dorsal, median, and ventral projections diversity of the genus to 20 species. An identification key bearing combs of small spines and numerous longer spines; for the Australian species of Stenophragma is provided. T9 straight at anterior margin, rounded distally. Material and methods Material examined. Holotype, <$, AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, Pilbara region. Juna Downs Station, Great The specimens examined in this paper belong to the Diptera Northern Highway, c. 8 km S of Karijini Dr. toff., -22:41:36, collection of the Western Australia Museum (WAMA), and 118:42:19, 12-17 Aug 2005, LTM sites, CVA Volunteers, to the Australian Museum, Sydney (AMSA). Holotypes PILB038/08M, [Malaise trap] (WAMA). Paratypes: 1& and paratypes are housed at the WAMA, AMSA, and at the same data as holotype (WAMA); iSS, same data as Museu de Zoologia daUniversidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP), holotype (AMSA); 1$, same data as holotype, except Brazil. 15-19 May 2006, PILB038/12M (AMSA); \% same The wings and terminalia were detached; head, thorax, data as holotype, except 15-19 May 2006, PILB038/12M wing and terminalia were drawn after dissection. Soft parts (WAMA); 2$S, same data as holotype, except Juna Downs were cleared in 10% KOH 40°C for 4-6 h, neutralized in Rd. to Packsaddle Bore, c. 5 km E of homestead, -22:52:31, acetic acid, dehydrated, and mounted on permanent slides 118:31:49, 15-19 May 2006, LTM sites, CVA Volunteers, with Euparal or retained in glycerin. Photographs were PILB039/12M, [Malaise trap] (MZUSP). taken using a Canon EOS 7D with the software Camlift Controller 2.2 and were prepared using Helicon Focus 5.0 Description. Male (Fig. 1). Head. Vertex dark brown, with Pro software and Adobe Photoshop. Drawings were made scattered setulae. Two ocelli separated from the eye margin using a camera lucida and redrawn using Adobe Illustrator by less than their own diameter. Occiput dark brown. Eye 11.0. Morphological terminology follows Soli (1997), except setose. Scape and pedicel light brown, rounded, with small for wing venation, which follows Amorim & Rindal (2007). setulae; 14 light brown flagellomeres, almost twice as long Abbreviations used are: ae, aedeagus; anp, anepistemum; as wide, with scattered setae, first flagellomere about 1.6 C, costal vein; ce, cercus; cel, first cercomere of female the length of second one. Frons dark brown, clypeus dark terminalia; ce2, second cercomere of female terminalia; CuA, brown, covered with short setae; labella brown; first and basal part of anterior branch of cubital vein; cxI, fore coxa; second palpomeres dark brown, almost of same length; cxll, mid coxa; cxIII, hind coxa; gcap, gonocoxal apodeme; third to fifth light brown, apical ones increasingly longer, gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostyle; h, humeral crossvein; ktp, last one almost twice the length of penultimate. Thorax katepistemum; Itg, laterotergite; Mh M2, and M4, branches (Fig. 2). Scutum light brown, with four longitudinal dark of medial vein; mep, mesepimeron; mes, metepisternum; brown bands, the lateral ones more diffuse than the central mtd, mediotergite; par, parameres; pern, proepimeron; pes, ones. Scutellum light brown. Pleural sclerites light brown. proepistemum; pnt, pronotum; Rh anterior branch of radius; Pleural membrane brownish. Scutum moderately arched, R5, posterior branch of radius; r-m, radial-medial crossvein; covered with scattered small setae. Scutellum with many Rs, radial sector; S, stemite; sc, scutum; Sc, subcosta vein; setulae, and six slight longer setae. Pronotum setose, with sc-r, subcostal-radial crossvein; sctl, scutellum; and T, tergite. some stronger setae. Anepistemum and katepistemum more or less straight ventrally, bare. Mesepimeron reaching ventral margin of thorax, bare. Laterotergite slightly projected Stenophragma Skuse, 1890 outwards, with 9-11 setae of different sizes, suture at contact with mediotergite incomplete dorsally. Mediotergite slightly Homapsis Skuse, 1888: 1131,1191 (preocc. Foerster, 1868). curved in profile, ventral half with two longer setae laterally Type-species, H. meridiana Skuse (mon.). and smaller ones mesally. Haltere with whitish yellow Stenophragma Skuse, 1890: 612 (nom. nov. for Homapsis pedicel and light brown knob, some few setae on pedicel, Skuse). Type-species, Homapsis meridiana Skuse (aut.). knob more densely setose. Coxae I and III whitish yellow, Diagnosis (modified from Duret, 1976). Body and legs coxa II light brown, femora, tibiae and tarsi whitish yellow. slender. Wing membrane usually with darker areas, First tarsomere more than twice the length of second one; covered with micro- and macrotrichia; macrotrichia widely tibiae and tarsi with erect darker short bristles along almost distributed, sparsely on basal half, densely on apical half; entire length, those on hind tibia more or less aligned dorsally Oliveira & de Souza Amorim: New mycetophilid flies from Western Australia 151 Figure 1. Stenophragma bickeli n.sp. habitus, lateral view, paratype. Scale 1 mm. sc / and laterally. Tibial spurs 1:2:2, about twice the length of tibial width at apex, internal spurs shorter. Tarsal claws with a large apical tooth and a smaller, more basal one. Wing (Fig. 3). Length3.4 mm, width 1.3 mm. Membrane homogenously hyaline, except light brown maculation on sc-r, on first section of Rs, and on second section of CuA (beyond insertion of M4); membrane densely covered with microtrichia on all cells, macrotrichia widely distributed, more sparsely on basal half, densely on distal half. Sc complete, reaching C just beyond base of Rs, well sclerotized, with some few setae. C ending before wing apex, extending for just a short distance beyond R5. First sector of Rs nearly transverse, devoid of setae, less than half length of r-m. R, relatively long, reaching C on apical fourth of wing; R absent; R reaching C before wing 4 5 apex, well sclerotized; r-m curved anteriorly, more or less oblique posteriorly, well sclerotized, setose. M extremely 1+2 reduced; Mj and M running more or less parallel along 2 most of their length; first sector of CuA very long, more than twice length of second sector of CuA; M strongly curved 4 basally; M and CuA complete, divergent, well sclerotized. A, 4 incomplete, absent on apical third, but well produced basally. Figure 2. Stenophragma bickeli n.sp. thorax, lateral view, paratype. All posterior veins with dorsal macrotrichia. Abdomen. Scale 0.1 mm. 152 Records of the Australian Museum (2012) Vol. 64 Sc R1 ¥ First section of Rs R5 Ml A1 M2 M4 CuA Figures 3-4. Wings of Stenophragma. (3) S. bickeli n.sp. paratype. (4) S. collessi n.sp. paratype. Scale 0.5 mm. Abdomen light brown, setose, slender. T8 short and wide, males, near each other. Body general color lighter than S8 slender, longer than wide, rounded apically. Terminalia in males. Abdomen yellowish. Terminalia (Figs. 12-13). light brown, conspicuous, rounded. Terminalia (Figs. 5-11). Terminalia yellowish. Sternite 8 elongated, with a pair Gonocoxites setose, fused to each other ventrally, with a pair of posterior rounded gonapophyses, divided distally by a of short, mesal extensions distally, pointed outwards at apex, short medial incision, covered with fine, elongated setae besides a group of small aligned setulae; inner ventral surface on posterior margin; S9 (genital fork) not visible; S10 with two white spines apically. Gonostyle complex, wide, membranous, elongated, with microtrichia; T8 wide, short, with three main branches, dorsally, mesally, and ventrally; as long as T9, covered with setae; T9 wide, short, covered dorsal branch with one strong inner spine and four strong with setae; T10 membranous, setose apically; Cel more than apical spines; median branch with one long setae apically twice Ce2 length, covered with microtrichia and scattered and two rows of short spines and three strong basal spines; setae; Ce2 ovoid, covered with microtrichia and few setulae. ventral branch wide, rounded, with short and strong apical Etymology. The species name is masculine, named after the spines and three long, very sclerotized setae on the inner margin. Aedeagus not seen; parameres membranous, straight eminent dipterist Daniel J. Bickel, of the Australian Museum, Sydney. He has enormously improved the knowledge on at apex; gonocoxal apodeme well developed, sclerotized. T9 the Dolichopodidae diversity in Australasian region and long, setose, apex as wide as base, straight at anterior margin, elsewhere in the world, and was an excellent advisor during rounded distally, with typical waist close to apex; inner the time spent working at the AMSA collection. surface with many thin, long setae distally. Cercus weakly sclerotized, covered with many setulae. Comments. The absence of R4 is shared by this species and Female. As male, except as follows. Wing length, 3.8 mm, Stenophragma paponorum, from New Caledonia. In this width, 1.5 mm. Antennal flagellomeres not as long as in latter species (see Matile, 1991: fig. 12) the wings have three Oliveira & de Souza Amorim: New mycetophilid flies from Western Australia 153 Figures 5-11. Male terminalia of Stenophragma bickeli n.sp. paratype. (5-6) Terminalia, dorsal view. (7) Detail of tergite 9 and cerci in dorsal view (left) and in ventral view (right). (8) Gonocoxite, gonocoxal apodeme, and parameres, dorsal view. (9) Gonostyle, dorsal view. (10) Detail of the ventral and dorsal projections of the gonostyle. (11) Detail of the median projection of the gonostyle. Scale 0.1 mm. 154 Records of the Australian Museum (2012) Vol. 64 Stenophragma collessi n.sp. Figs. 4, 14-20 Diagnosis. Wing with light brown maculation on sc-r, on first section of Rs, R4 and r-m, on first section of CuA, and a light brown sinuous band anteriorly on apical third of wing, from apex of ^ to apex of M4; 1^ present. Gonostyle long, with a ventral and a dorsal branches; T9 rounded at anterior margin, widening to apex. Female ce2 with three spines few sclerotized apically in the inner surface. Material examined. Holotype, <$, AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, 28km W. Yalgoo, 2 Sept. 1981, Malaise trap, G. A. Holloway coll. (AMSA K351926). Paratype: AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, 50km NW Yuna, 6 Sept. 1981, ex Malaise trap, G. A. Holloway coll. (AMSA K351927). Additional material. 1 individual, sex unknown, AUSTRALIA, Western Australia, 28km W. Yalgoo, 2 Sept. 1981, Malaise trap, G. A. Holloway coll. (AMSA). Description. Male. Head. Vertex brown, with scattered setulae. Two ocelli separated from the eye margin by less than their own diameter. Occiput brown. Eye setose. Scape and pedicel yellowish, rounded, with small setulae; first flagellomere light brownish on basal third and brown on apical two thirds, almost twice as long as wide, with scattered setae. Frons yellowish, clypeus light brown, covered with short setae; labella and palpus light brown; first and second palpomeres almost of same length; third to fifth increasingly longer, last one almost twice the length of penultimate. Thorax. Scutum light brown, with three large longitudinal bands brown. Scutellum light brown. Pleural sclerites light brown. Pleural membrane yellowish. Scutum moderately arched, covered with scattered small setae. Scutellum with many setulae and six longer setae. Pronotum setose, with some stronger setae. Anepisternum and katepisternum almost straight ventrally, bare. Mesepimeron reaching ventral margin of thorax, bare. Laterotergite slightly projected outwards, with 9-11 setae of different sizes, suture at contact with mediotergite incomplete dorsally. Mediotergite slightly curved in profile, ventral half with two longer setae laterally and smaller ones mesally. Haltere with whitish yellow pedicel and light brown knob, some few setae on pedicel, knob more densely setose. Coxae I and III whitish yellow, coxa II whitish yellow with basal half light brown, femora, tibiae and tarsi whitish yellow. First tarsomere more than twice the length of second one; tibiae and tarsi with erect darker short bristles ventrally along almost entire length, those on hind tibia more or less aligned dorsally and laterally. Tibial spurs 1:2:2, about twice the length of tibial width at apex, internal spurs few shorter. Wing (Fig. 4, female wing). Figures 12-13. Female terminalia of Stenophragma bickeli n.sp. Length 3.5 mm, width 1.5 mm. Membrane homogenously paratype. (12) Terminalia, dorsal view. (13) Detail of sternites 8 and 10, ventral view. Scales 0.1 mm. hyaline, except light brown maculation on sc-r, on first section of Rs, R4 and r-m, on section of CuA (beyond insertion of M4), and a light brown sinuous vertical band at beginning of apical third of wing, running from apex R, apex vertical brown bands, one at the distal third, another from the to apex of M4; membrane densely covered with microtrichia apex of Rj to the apex of M4, a third between the mid of on all cells, macrotrichia widely distributed, more sparsely to the distal end of the first section of CuA. S. paponorum on basal half, densely on distal half. Sc complete, reaching also shows inconspicuous brown maculae at the first section C beyond base of Rs, with few setae, well sclerotized. C of Rs, R4, r-m, and M1+2. S. paponorum is known only by ending before wing apex, extending for just a short distance a female, so it is not possible at this stage to check if male beyond R5. First sector of Rs almost perfectly transverse, features seen in the terminalia of S. bickeli n.sp. are shared devoid of setae, less than half length of r-m. R, relatively with the New Caledonia species. long, reaching C on apical fourth of wing; R4 present; R5 Oliveira & de Souza Amorim: New mycetophilid flies from Western Australia 155 Figures 14-18. Male terminalia of Stenophragma collessi n.sp. holotype. (14-15) Terminalia, dorsal view. (16) Detail of tergite 9 and cerci in dorsal view (left) and in ventral view (right). (17) Gonocoxite, gonocoxal apodeme, aedeagus, and parameres, dorsal view. (18) Gonostyle, dorsal view. Scale 0.1 mm. reaching C before wing apex, well sclerotized; r-m curved anteriorly, more or less oblique posteriorly, well sclerotized, setose. M1+2 extremely reduced; Ml and M2 running more or less parallel along most of their length; first sector of CuA very long, more than twice length of second section of CuA; M4 strongly curved basally; M4 and CuA complete, divergent, well sclerotized. Aj incomplete, absent on apical third, but well produced basally. All posterior veins with dorsal macrotrichia. Abdomen. Abdomen brown, setose, slender. T8 short and wide, S8 slender, longer than wide, rounded apically. Terminalia light brown, conspicuous, rounded. Terminalia (Figs. 14-18). Gonocoxites setose, fused to each other ventrally only at basal third. Gonostyle long, with a ventral and a dorsal branches; ventral branch with two long setae (one of them much longer than the other ones), besides some regular setae, and a coniform projection 156 Records of the Australian Museum (2012) Vol. 64 with nine regular rows of short spines; dorsal branch with three strong spines of different sizes. Aedeagus bifid at apex; parameres membranous, thin at apex; gonocoxal apodeme well developed and sclerotized. T9 long, setose, widening to the apex, rounded at anterior margin, inner surface with a concentration of thin, long setae apically. Cerci weakly sclerotized, covered with many setulae. Female. As male, except for the following features. Wing length, 4.0 mm, width, 1.6 mm. Wing (Fig. 4). Abdomen brown, with some yellowish spots mesally and posteriorly on tergites and sternites. Terminalia (Figs. 19-20). Terminalia yellowish. Stemite 8 elongated, with a pair of gonapophyses each with a shallow distal incision, divided by a mesal deeper incision, covered with microtrichia and fine, elongated setae; S9 (genital fork) wide, with a short anterior arm; S10 membranous, rounded at apex, with microtrichia; T8 wide, short mesally, longer than T9, covered with setae; T9 wide, short mesally, covered with setae; T10 not visible; cel more than twice ce2 length, covered with microtrichia and scattered setae; ce2 ovoid, covered with microtrichia, few setulae, and three not strongly sclerotized spines. Etymology. The species name is masculine, named after the great Australian dipterist, Donald H. Colless (24 August 1922-16 Feb 2012), of the CSIRO Division of Entomology’s Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC), who has given an outstanding contribution to the understanding of the diversity of different groups of flies in Australasian region. Comments. Stenophragma collessi n.sp. and S. picticornis, both from southern Western Australia, have in common a gonostyle with two well characterized branches, bearing strong spines. Nevertheless, the differences in the wing and male terminalia features are more than enough to consider them separate species. Discussion As noted by Edwards (1934), one of the most striking differences between the Australian and Neotropical species of Stenophragma concerns the shape of the cubital fork. In the Australian species M4 connecting CuA pretty close to the wing margin, while in the Neotropical species the cubital fork is long, with M4 sometimes connecting almost at the level of the medial fork, with the exception of S. ochraceae, S. humeralis, and S. intermedia. These species have shorter cubital fork, but not as short as in the Australian species. Leptomorphus and other sciophiline genera with plesiomorphic wings have considerably long cubital fork, so the condition shared by the Australian species of Stenophragma could be a putative synapomorphy. The presence of R4 is widespread in the Neotropical species of Stenophragma, although Duret (1976) noticed intraspecific variation concerning the presence of R4 between wings of the same specimens of S. longifurcata. This Figures 19-20. Female terminalia of Stenophragma collessi n.sp. feature also shows intrageneric variation in other genera paratype. (19) Terminalia, dorsal view. (20) Detail of sternites 8 of Sciophilinae, as in Leptomorphus. In the Australian and 10, ventral view. Scales 0.1 mm. fauna of the genus, both Stenophragma bickeli n.sp. and S. paponorum share the absence of R4. Oliveira & de Souza Amorim: New mycetophilid flies from Western Australia 157 Key for the Australian species of Stenophragma A key for the Patagonian species of the genus has been provided by Duret (1976), but no key is available for the Australian species of Stenophragma, which is furnished here. 1 R absent (Fig. 3). 2 4 - R present (Fig. 4) . 3 4 2(1) Maculae not completely crossing the wing, a reduced, light brown macula over first section of Rs and over second sector of CuA (Fig. 3); cercomere 1 of female tenninalia slender, twice the length of cercomere 2 (Figs. 12-13) .S. bickeli n.sp. - Three clearly evident maculae crossing the wing, in addition to the spot over first section ofRs (Matile, 1991: fig. 12); cercomere of female terminalia wide, less than twice the length of cerco¬ 1 mere 2 (Matile, 1991: fig. 13) . S. paponorum Matile 3(1) Gonostyle dorsal arm bearing rows of short spines (Fig. 18) . 4 - Gonostyle dorsal arm bearing isolated strong spines, but not rows of short spines (Fig. 9). 5 4(3) M and CuA strongly sinuous (Skuse, 1890: plate XIX, fig. 5) . S. picticornis Skuse 4 - M and CuA not sinuous (Fig. 4) .S. collessi n.sp. 4 5(3) Brown band across the wing originating at apex of Rj only slightly curved, wide . S. hirtipennis Skuse - Brown band across the wing originating at apex of R, more or less sinuous, slender (Skuse, 1888: plate 31, fig. 9) .S. meridianum (Skuse) The maculation on the wing membrane varies consider¬ locality of Stenophragma bickeli n.sp. is in the Pilbara ably within Stenophragma and is a helpful feature to identify region, while the type-localities of S. collessi n.sp. and S. many of the species of the genus. Most Neotropical species picticornis correspond to southwestern Australia. A study of of Stenophragma have hyaline wings, even though S. andina, the phylogenetic relationships, and, hence, a biogeographical S. longifurcata, and S. argentina have patterned wing. All study of the Australian species of Stenophragma is outside Australian species of Stenophragma have some degree of the scope of this paper. However it is interesting that maculation on the wing membrane as well. A detailed study the distribution of some of the species of Stenophragma of the wing patterns also could provide useful characters for mirrors that known for Eucalyptus, indicating that the the phylogeny within the genus Stenophragma. biogeographical history of the mycetophilids might fit in a It is worth commenting that differences related to the general pattern known for the region. shape of female S and the cerci are enough to allow species 8 recognition, although scarce attention has been given to female terminalia morphology in the literature. With respect to the male terminalia, there is an amazing variation of the shape of the gonostyle, and T9 also shows considerable differences between the species. S. collessi n.sp. and S. picticornis, both from southern Western Australia, share a Acknowledgments. Flavio A. Bockman, of the University of gonostyle with two branches, one of which has a sequence Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Christopher J. Borkent, of the of rows of short spines (also seen, in different shapes, in California Department of Food and Agriculture, California, United Neotropical species). S. bickeli n.sp., on the other hand, States, gave excellent insights, suggestions and criticisms on the known from northern Western Australia, has a gonostyle early draft of the manuscript. SSO benefited from FAPESP (grant 2008/52324-6) and a Geddes Post Graduate Award 2010-2011 with three branches, while S. meridianum and S. hirtipennis from the Australian Museum, while DSA has a fellowship from have much simpler gonostyli. S. paponorum is known only CNPq (314371/2009-5). Daniel Bickel, Dave Britton, Jacqueline from females. Recsei, David McAlpine, Scott Ginn, Shane McEvey, Russell Cox, Ladiges et al. (2011) have shown that a clade of eucalypt Derek Smith, and Chris Reid of the Australian Museum, Sydney, species from the northern and central Deserts plus the Australia, were very friendly and helpful during Sarah’s visit to Pilbara region is closely related to a clade of species from the AMSA. The comments of two anonymous referees greatly the southern Desert plus southwestern areas. The type- improved the manuscript. We sincerely thank them all. 158 Records of the Australian Museum (2012) Vol. 64 References Matile, L. 1991. 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