Elisabeth Kendall is Senior Research Fellow in Arabic and Islamic Studies,PembrokeCollege,OxfordUniversity.SheistheauthorofLit- erature,JournalismandtheAvant-Garde:IntersectioninEgypt(Routledge, 2006). EwanSteinisLecturerinInternationalRelationsattheSchoolofSocial and Political Science at the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of Representing Israel in Modern Egypt: Ideas, Intellectuals and Foreign PolicyfromNassertoMubarak(I.B.Tauris,2012). Twenty-First Century Jihad Law, Society and Military Action Edited by Elisabeth Kendall and Ewan Stein Publishedinhardbackin2015by I.B.Tauris&CoLtd London•NewYork www.ibtauris.com Copyrighteditorialselection(cid:2)c 2015ElisabethKendallandEwanStein Copyright individual chapters (cid:2)c 2015 Carole Hillenbrand, Reuven Firestone, Asma Afsaruddin,RobertaDenaro,MustafaBaig,RussellHopley,GavinPicken,SamiZubaida, MansourAlnogaidan,HossamTammam,Na'eemJeenah,MariaHolt,Lt.Gen.SirSimon Mayall,RanaIssa,ThomasRiegler,EricGermain,ShermanJacksonandSheikhRachid al-Ghannouchi TherightofElisabethKendallandEwanSteintobeidentifiedastheeditorsofthiswork hasbeenassertedbytheeditorsinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatents Act1988. Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsinareview,thisbook,oranypartthereof, maynotbereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,in anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. Referencestowebsiteswerecorrectatthetimeofwriting. LibraryofModernReligion38 ISBN:9781780769165 eISBN:9780857737175 AfullCIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary AfullCIPrecordisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:available TypesetinGoudyOldStylebyGSTypesettingServices PrintedandboundbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY Contents AbouttheContributors vii Introduction ContextualisingTwenty-FirstCenturyJihad 1 ElisabethKendallandEwanStein Prologue AShortHistoryofJihad 25 CaroleHillenbrand Part I Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Jihad 1. DivineAuthorityandTerritorialEntitlementintheHebrew BibleandtheQur'an 45 ReuvenFirestone 2. EarlyCompetingViewsonJihadandMartyrdom 70 AsmaAfsaruddin 3. DefinitionsandNarrativesofMartyrdominSunni HadithLiterature 82 RobertaDenaro 4. TheNon-MilitaryAspectsofKitabal-Jihad 97 MustafaBaig 5. ResponsestotheAlmoravidInterventioninal-Andalus 112 RussellHopley 6. The'Greater'JihadinClassicalIslam 126 GavinPicken v vi twenty-firstcenturyjihad Part II Jihad in Modern Politics and Society 7. SectarianViolenceasJihad 141 SamiZubaida 8. TheNewQa'idaWahhabistsandtheRevivalofJihad inSaudiArabia 152 MansourAlnogaidan 9. TheMuslimBrotherhoodandJihad 164 HossamTammam 10. JihadDiscourseinEgyptunderMuhammadMursi 176 EwanStein 11. JihadasaFormofStruggleintheResistancetoApartheid inSouthAfrica 201 Na'eemJeenah 12. Women,IslamandWarinLebanonandthePalestinian Territories 216 MariaHolt 13. Al-Qa'ida,Jihadandthe'Surge' 233 Lt.Gen.SirSimonMayall Part III Representations of Jihad in Modern Culture 14. Yemen'sAl-Qa'idaandPoetryasaWeaponofJihad 247 ElisabethKendall 15. PoeticsofMartyrdominEarlyModernPalestine 270 RanaIssa 16. HollywoodandJihad 285 ThomasRiegler 17. 'JihadistsofthePen'inVictorianEngland 297 EricGermain 18. TheAppealofYusufal-Qaradawi'sInterpretationofJihad 312 ShermanJackson 19. WhatisNewaboutYusufal-Qaradawi'sJihad? 334 SheikhRachidal-Ghannouchi Index 351 About the Contributors Asma Afsaruddin is Professor of Islamic Studies and Chairperson of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Indiana University, Bloomington. She is the author and/or editor of six books, including Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought (New York, 2013), Islam, the State, and Political Authority: Medieval Issues and Modern Concerns (New York, 2011) and The First Muslims:HistoryandMemory(Oxford,2008). Afsaruddinhaswongrants from the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation and the Mellon Foun- dationandwasnamedaCarnegieScholarbytheCarnegieCorporation ofNewYorkin2005. MansourAlnogaidan isaSaudiwriterandreformistwhohasrecanted terrorism.HecurrentlyactsasGeneralManagerandEditor-in-Chiefof theMesbarStudiesandResearchCentre,aculturalthinktankbasedin DubaithatfocusesonthestudyofIslamicmovements.Inhisformative years,hewasinfluencedbyastrictWahhabigroupinBuraydah,Saudi Arabia,underwhichhestudiedtheprinciplesofIslamiclawduringthe 1980s. In 1991, he became involved in terrorist activities with a group ofjihadists,forwhichhewassentencedandservedtimeinprison.His ideologicaltransformationbeganinthemid-1990safterbeingintroduced to the writings of both classical and contemporary Islamic rationalists. This influenced his own thought, and his subsequent writing became harshlycriticalofIslamicextremism,leadingtohimbeingexcludedby hisformerWahhabicolleagues.In2003,hewassentencedto75lashes and issued with a fatwa for blasphemy. He now lives in Dubai but vii viii twenty-firstcenturyjihad remainsinfluentialamongtherisinggenerationofyoungSaudis.Hehas publishedprolifically,includingintheNewYorkTimes,WashingtonPost andArabicNewsweekmagazine. MustafaBaig isaResearchFellowworkingontheIslamicreformula- tionsprojectattheInstituteofArabandIslamicStudiesattheUniversity ofExeter.Between2011and2013,hewasLecturerinIslamicStudies at the University of Manchester, where he also completed his doctor- ate on 'Islamic Jurisprudence in Non-Muslim Jurisdictions: Classical and Modern Perspectives'. His research investigates how Islamic ju- rists,whopredominantlyaddressedMuslimslivingunderMuslimrule, discussedthelegalandtheologicalimplicationsofMuslimslivinginnon- Muslimlands.AswellasexaminingtheclassicalliteratureonMuslims in non-Muslim jurisdictions, he also follows contemporary discussions onMuslimsinminoritycontextsandtheextenttowhichtheydrawon classicaldiscourse. RobertaDenaro isLecturerinArabicLanguageandLiteratureatthe Department of Asian, African and Mediterranean Studies at Univer- sity'L'Orientale'inNaples,Italy.Hermainfieldsofinterestarehadith literature, comparative studies on martyrdom and jihad, and fictional and non-fictional medieval Arabic prose. Her publications include Dal MartireAlloSˇahid.Fonti,ProblemieConfrontiperunaMartirografiaIs- lamica(FromMartyrtoShahid:Sources,ProblemsandComparisonsforan IslamicMartyrography,Rome,2006)andvariousarticlesonearlySunni martyrdom literature. She is also active as a translator and has pub- lished well-known classical and contemporary literary works translated intoItalianfrombothTurkishandArabic. Reuven Firestone isProfessorofMedievalJudaismandIslamatHe- brewUnionCollegeinLosAngelesandSeniorFellowattheCenterfor ReligionandCivicCultureattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.His booksincludeJihad:TheOriginofHolyWarinIslam(NewYork,1999), Holy War in Judaism: The Fall and Rise of a Controversial Idea (New York, 2012), Who are the Real Chosen People (Woodstock, Vermont, 2008), Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael LegendsinIslamicExegesis(Albany,1990),AnIntroductiontoIslamfor aboutthecontributors ix Jews(Philadelphia,2008)andChildrenofAbraham:AnIntroductionto Judaism for Muslims (New York, 2001), and nearly 100 articles on the historicalandreligiousrelationsbetweenJews,MuslimsandChristians andtherelationshipbetweentheirreligionsandcultures. EricGermain isPolicyAdvisorattheDirectorateforStrategicAffairs at the French Ministry of Defence. He is tasked with building up a newly founded programme on religious and ethical issues to explore the challenges facing today's military chaplaincy. After studying at the Paris Institute of Political Studies and the E´cole des Hautes E´tudes enSciencesSociales(EHESS),heconductedinterdisciplinaryresearch on Muslims in minority and diasporic contexts as an associate of the Institute for the Study of Islam and Societies of the Muslim World (IISMM).HispublicationsincludeIslaminInter-WarEurope,co-edited with Nathalie Clayer (London, 2008), L'Afrique du Sud Musulmane (Muslim South Africa, Paris, 2007) and several articles on religious or ethicalissues. Sheikh Rachid al-Ghannouchi is the co-founder and intellectual leader of the moderate Islamist al-Nahda Party in Tunisia that rose to power following the ousting of President Ben Ali in 2011. Having been imprisoned in Tunisia in the 1980s, he spent 22 years in exile in London to avoid three life sentences, before returning to Tunisia after the2011revolution.GhannouchiisaleadingMuslimintellectualwhose opinionsandanalysesholdgreatswayinTunisiaandbeyond.In2012he was named as one of Time magazine's '100 Most Influential People in theWorld'.Hehaswrittenextensivelyonarangeofissuesincludingthe relationofIslamtodemocracy. Carole Hillenbrand is Professorial Fellow in History at St Andrews UniversityandProfessorEmeritaatEdinburghUniversity.Shewasedu- catedattheUniversitiesofCambridge,OxfordandEdinburghandheld thepostofProfessorofIslamicHistoryatEdinburghUniversitybetween 2000 and 2008. She has published widely on medieval Islamic history andpoliticalthought.Herbest-knownbookisTheCrusades:IslamicPer- spectives(Edinburgh,1999)forwhichshewasawardedTheKingFaisal InternationalPrizeinIslamicStudiesin2005.Thiswasthefirsttimethis