Twentieth-Century Spain This is a much-needed new overview of Spanish social and political history, which sets developments in twentieth-century Spain within a broader European context. Julián Casanova, one of Spain’s leading historians, and Carlos Gil Andrés chart the country’s experience of democracy,dictatorshipandcivilwar,anditsdramatictransformation fromanagriculturalandruralsocietytoanindustrialandurbansociety fullyintegratedintoEurope.Theyaddresskeyquestionsandissuesthat continuetobediscussedanddebatedincontemporaryhistoriography, suchaswhytheRepublicwasdefeated,whyFranco’sdictatorshiplasted so long and what mark it has left on contemporary Spain. This is an essential book for students as well as for anyone interested in Spain’s turbulenttwentiethcentury. JuliánCasanovaisProfessorofContemporaryHistoryattheUniversity of Zaragoza and visiting Professor at Central European University, Budapest. CarlosGilAndrésteacheshistoryatReyDonGarcíaofNájera. Twentieth-Century Spain A History Julián Casanova Carlos Gil Andrés Translatedby Martin Douch UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107602670 ©JuliánCasanova2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. OriginallypublishedinSpanishasHistoriadeEspañaenelsigloXXbyAriel, 2009©Ariel2009 Firstpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Casanova,Julián. [HistoriadeEspanaenelsigloXX.English] Twentieth-centurySpain:ahistory/JuliánCasanova,CarlosGilAndrés; translatedbyMartinDouch. pages cm ISBN978-1-107-01696-5(hardback)–ISBN978-1-107-60267-0(paperback) 1. Spain–History–20thcentury. I. GilAndrés,Carlos. II. Title. DP233.C3813 2014 946.08–dc23 ISBN978-1-107-01696-5Hardback ISBN978-1-107-60267-0Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofillustrations pagevii Keyfigures viii Listofabbreviations xiv Twentieth-centurySpaintimeline xvi Map1 Spainanditsautonomousregions xx Map2 AutonomousregionsinSpainandthedate oftheapprovaloftheirstatuteofautonomy xxi Introduction 1 PartI ThemonarchyofAlfonsoXIII 7 1 Thelegacyofacentury 9 2 The‘revolutionfromabove’ 35 3 ThecrisisoftheLiberalregime 59 4 ThePrimodeRiverayears 84 PartII TheSecondRepublic 105 5 Aparliamentaryandconstitutionalrepublic 107 6 Arepublicbeleaguered 127 7 1936:thedestructionofdemocracy 147 PartIII TheCivilWar 159 8 Spainsplitintwo 161 9 Politicsandarms 183 v vi Contents PartIV Franco’sdictatorship 217 10 Franco’speace 219 11 ‘Thespiritualreserveoftheworld’ 249 12 ThedeaththroesofFrancoism 270 PartV Transitionanddemocracy 289 13 TheTransition 291 14 Democracy 328 Conclusion:thebalancesheetofacentury 355 Guidetofurtherreading 360 Indexofnamesandauthors 370 Illustrations 1 TrafficinthestreetsofMadrid,1930 page26 2 AlfonsoXIII,KingofSpain(1886–1931) 36 3 SpanishtroopsinMorocco,1921 72 4 Crowdsinthestreetcelebratingtheproclamation oftheSecondRepublic,1931 114 5 InmatesinthePorlierjail,Madrid,28September 1940 224 6 ThehistoricmeetingbetweenFrancoandHitler, 23October1940 232 7 TheDivisiónAzul(BlueDivision),25March1942 234 8 Arationbook,1940 236 9 CrowdsgatheringinthestreettoseeFranco’sfuneral cortège,23November1975 294 10 CoveroftheSpanishConstitution,approvedina referenduminDecember1978 316 11 LieutenantColonelAntonioTejerointheSpanish Parliament,February1981 324 12 FelipeGonzálezoftheSocialistPartywasproclaimed primeministerofSpaininDecember1982 330 13 SpainjoinedtheEuropeanEconomicCommunityon 1January1986 334 14 PrimeMinisterJoséMaríaAznarwithformerprime ministersAdolfoSuárez,LeopoldoCalvoSoteloand FelipeGonzálezin1997atMoncloaPalace 343 vii Key figures Alcalá Zamora, Niceto (1877–1949). A liberal politician during the Restoration. In 1930, following the fall of Primo de Rivera’s dictator- ship,hedeclaredhimselftobeanti-monarchistandtookpartintheSan Sebastián Pact. After the municipal elections of 14 April 1931 he headedthefirstprovisionalgovernmentoftheRepublic.Hewaspres- identoftheSecondRepublicbetween1931andApril1936.Attheend oftheCivilWar,hewasforcedtogointoexile,firstlyinFranceandthen inArgentina,wherehedied. AlfonsoXIII(1886–1941).KingofSpainbetweenMay1902andApril 1931. Hewastheposthumous son ofAlfonso XIIand María Cristina vonHabsburg,whowasregentonhisbehalfuntilhereachedtheageof majority. He was a monarch who played an active role in politics, favouring the interests of the privileged classes and the army, and incapable of guiding the political regime of the Restoration towards a truedemocracy.In1923heacknowledgedPrimodeRivera’scoupd’état andbackedthedictator.In1931,disapprovalofthemonarchybecame clear in the municipal elections, in what was an unquestionable ple- biscite in favour of a republic. The king was forced to accept the situationandgointoexile. Arana, Sabino (1865–1903). A nationalist politician who founded the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) in 1895. The basic idea behind its ideology,‘God and the old laws’,demonstratedits identification with the fueros (regional law codes and privileges), traditional Catholicism and anti-liberalism. The movement called for the independence of Euskalerria,agroupofBasqueterritoriesunitedbylanguage,raceand faith.ThedevelopmentofBasquenationalismislinkedtothedefence oftraditionwithintheconflictivecontextofindustrialisationinVizcaya. Azaña, Manuel (1880–1940). Intellectual, writer and main republican leader inthe1930s, minister ofwar,primeminister (October1931to September 1933) and president of the Republic from May 1936. Crossed into France when the defeat of the Republic was imminent, resignedanddiedinMontaubaninNovember1940. viii