Twelve Angry Men Directed by Rich Keitel March 7-15, 2009 The New Hazlett Theater Pittsburgh, PA Teacher Resource and Tour Guide Wayne Brinda, Ed.D, Artistic Director and Founder Deborah Wein, Education Director Mimi Botkin, Educator Prime Stage Theatre is supported in part by the following foundations: The Grable Foundation Introduction & How to Use this Guide This guide was based on continual research conducted by the Prime Stage Artistic Director on reluctant and struggling readers and the results of a study Prime Stage conducted with students and teachers from two schools that explored how to “Connect kids to literary classics” through the theater and in the classroom. The study’s participants made the following significant recommendations: Provide resources that help students connect the literature, the play, and their lives Provide resources that help teachers create engaging and enriching experiences Change the name of the curriculum or study guide to a “Resource and Tour Guide” Introduce the world of literature and the world of the play to help students and teachers adequately prepare for the experience of seeing literature come to life on stage Reluctant and Struggling Readers- Much research is conducted on students designated as reluctant and struggling readers. There are many websites devoted to this subject; links to some of these can be found on the education pages of our website. In summary, reluctant readers want choice; help navigating through complex literature, and experiences to share their responses with peers and adults (Baker 2002; Gambrell 1996; Ivey 2002; Reeves 2004; Sumara 2002; Tovani 2001). Struggling readers need support with vocabulary, “chunking” ideas rather than decoding words, visualizing, expressing what they see, and how to ask questions as they read. This guide addresses those concerns by providing a range of information that reluctant readers can choose to explore, read, and discuss as they discover 12 Angry Men. For struggling readers, complex or unfamiliar vocabulary is highlighted to help you create “word walls” or other strategies that address comprehension and, ultimately, enjoyment of the literature. Visualization, Imagery & Imagination- Wilhelm (2004), in Reading is Seeing, proposed addressing visualization can: Heighten motivation, engagement, and enjoyment of reading Enhance comprehension of both narrative and expository tests Stimulate prior knowledge Provide a “template” for more sophisticated strategies, such as inferring Develop awareness of one’s reading processes (metacognition) Increase reader’s ability to share, critique, and revise what is learned with others Improve test scores Imagery- Recreating in one’s mind the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and touches described by an author (Clewell 2006). Pictures in this guide can help your students visualize and describe what they read and see. How to use this guide- This guide is not a collection of lesson plans. While you will find lesson suggestions throughout the guide, the guide is designed to provide material that will enrich your lessons with students, encourage them to read the literature, improve their vocabulary with words highlighted in bold that may be unfamiliar to them, and comprehension of the literature, and stimulate an enjoyment of reading and exploring literature. The guide is designed to help you find ways of helping your students see the literature, not just as words on pages, but as vibrant images, characters, settings, conflicts, and ideas that relate to their lives today. We hope you find this Resource and Tour Guide useful, helpful, and enjoyable. Thank you. 2 Statement of Prime Stage Theatre’s Commitment to Literacy Literacy, in relation to adolescent learners, is defined by Jetton and Dole (2004) as constructive, fluent, strategic, motivated, and a lifelong pursuit. Theater has demonstrated its effectiveness as a strategy to teach reading, speaking and listening skills, focus, discipline, teamwork and patience as well as any sport. On the middle school and high school level, it helps teachers build a better understanding of the world, an enjoyment of English, languages, and reading. Good teachers strive to help their students connect to the literature by connecting it to their own world. This puts the literature into a framework for students to understand and appreciate. Good actors bring the characters from the pages to life, giving them full dimension, providing a multi-sensory experience, allowing students to "see" and vicariously "live in" the literature. The mission of Prime Stage to 'Bring Literature to Life' provides the best of both disciplines. Prime Stage Theatre has the privilege, through generous funding from local foundations, to realize its mission of addressing adolescent literacy through theatrical productions and educational programs. Our distinctive Adopt-a-School Program, Resource Guides, Teacher Workshops, and Mentor Program make theater accessible to middle school and high school educators, students and their families. Through theatre, students connect literature to their lives, and to the larger community in which they live. Prime Stage, where seeing is believing! A word about the lessons: Our Education Resources include activities that we suggest you do with your class to enhance your fieldtrip to Prime Stage. Some activities and lessons are appropriate for doing in class before attending the play, on the bus ride to the theater, and after you return to school. The lessons, which have been designed by fellow teachers and culled from on line resources, meet PA Humanities and National Standards for Arts Education. Please let us know which sections are most helpful as you prepare your students for a fieldtrip to Prime Stage. Please view our website and use us as a resource for teaching literature in your classrooms. Prime Stage, Where Literature Comes to Life! www.primestage.com Wayne Brinda, Ed.D, Artistic Director and Founder of Prime Stage Theatre Deborah H. Wein, Education Director Mimi Botkin, Educator 3 Twelve Angry Men is a 1954 American drama by Reginald Rose. It tells the story of a jury member who tries to persuade the other eleven members to acquit the suspect on trial on the basis of reasonable doubt. In 2007, 12 Angry Men was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". For a list of additional films in the Archive see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_film_registry www.loc.gov/film/filmnfr Reginald Rose, Playwright: (December 10, 1920 – April 19, 2002) was an American film and television writer most widely known for his work in the early years of television drama. Born in Manhattan, he attended City College from 1937 to 1938. He served in the Army, 1942-46, attaining the rank of first lieutenant. Rose started writing for television in 1951 for CBS, and eventually worked for all three major networks. Note: The original play used “Twelve” and the movie used “12”. Personal quotes: "It was such an impressive, solemn setting in a great big wood-paneled courtroom, with a silver-haired judge it knocked me out. I was overwhelmed. I was on a jury for a manslaughter case, and we got into this terrific, furious, eight-hour argument in the jury room. I was writing one-hour dramas for 'Studio One' then and I thought, wow, what a setting for a drama." (Rose, about his inspiration for "Twelve Angry Men"). Twelve Angry Men made its debut LIVE on television on the CBS program Studio One on September 20, 1954. For years, the original TV production of Twelve Angry Men was considered lost. However, in 2003, Joseph Consentino, a researcher-producer for The History Channel, discovered a kinescope of the Studio One production in the home of the late New York defense attorney (and later judge) Samuel Leibowitz. Twelve Angry M en- a timeline 1954 Reginald Rose’s television play Twelve Angry Men airs on Studio One on CBS 1957 Rose adapts his teleplay to create a film version, 12 Angry Men. He co-produced the film with the star Henry Fonda 1964 Rose’s legit theater version premiers on the West End of London 1997 In response to questions about “reasonable doubt” raised during the OJ Simpson trial, William Freidkin directs a new movie version with a racially diverse cast for Showtime 2004 Twelve Angry Men premiers on Broadway. It had a 5 limited run from October, 2004 to April, 20 05. Identifying the Characters Juror #1 – the foreman of the jury, an assistant coach Juror #2 – the short man with the high voice who worked in a bank Juror #3 – the angry man who had a son he didn’t speak to Juror #4 – the wealthy stockbroker Juror #5 – the man who demonstrated how to use the switch blade Juror #6 – the housepainter Juror #7 – the man who was in a hurry to leave because he had tickets to a baseball game Juror #8 – Mr. Davis, the man who persuaded the others that the boy may not be guilty Juror #9 – Mr. McArdle, the old man with the keen eyesight Juror #10 – the man who was prejudiced Juror #11 – the watchmaker, a refugee from Europe Juror #12 – the tall thin man with glasses who worked in advertising Why do you think the author gave only two jurors names? What traits can you use to identify the others? This play has also been produced as “Twelve Angry Jurors” with a cast of Hint! men and women. Why do you think To identify the others you can refer to the original the original production used only them by their juror number, occupation, men men? personality trait, or appearance. 6 References within the Script: Clarence Darrow (April 18, 1857 – March 13, 1938) was an American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, best known for defending teenage thrill killers Leopold and Loeb in their trial for murdering 14-year-old Bobby Franks (1924) and defending John T. Scopes in the so-called "Monkey" Trial (1925), in which he opposed the statesman William Jennings Bryan. *See www.primestage.com to access the curriculum for last year’s production of Inherit the Wind. James Walter Thompson (28 October 1847–16 October 1928) was the namesake of the JWT advertising agency and a pioneer of many advertising techniques. El Train - A rapid transit, subway, underground, elevated railway or metro(politan) system is an electric passenger railway in an urban area with high capacity and frequency, and which is grade separated from other traffic. Rapid transit systems are typically either in tunnels or elevated above street level. Outside urban centers rapid transit lines sometimes run grade separated at ground level. Khrushchev - Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв, Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchyov) (April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, following the death of Joseph Stalin, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the de-Stalinization of the USSR, as well as several liberal reforms ranging from agriculture to foreign policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev. Men’s Hair and Clothing Styles of the 1950’s Men’s hair was short, sometimes slicked back. Suits were conservative, generally dark tones of black, grey, navy, brown, etc. Following World War II, there was a shortage of fabric, so men’s vests were not in style! 7 The Sequence of Events in the Criminal Justice System Steps: 1. A crime is committed 2. The police begin to investigate 3. The police identify a suspect 4. The police question the suspect 5. The police arrest the suspect 6. The police take the suspect into custody 7. The suspect is booked 8. The suspect appears in court for the initial appearance 9. The county attorney charges the suspect with a crime 10. The suspect pleads not guilty 11. A public defender is appointed for the suspect 12. Challenges to violation of the Constitution (such as illegal search) 13. Probable cause hearing 14. Trial 15. Sentencing Class Discussion Idea: Q Question: Why is “Lady Justice” blindfolded? What does this have to say about our justice Why do you think there are so system? many steps in the legal process? Who benefits from this multi-step Answer: process?* Lady Justice is often depicted wearing a blindfold. This is done *The defendant benefits because in order to indicate that justice is he/she is less powerful than the (or should be) meted out objectively, without fear or favor, regardless of the state. These many steps prevent the identity, power, or weakness: blind justice and blind state from having an unfair impartiality. advantage over the accused. 8 TWELVE ANGRY MEN: Useful Vocabulary Abstain – to voluntarily withdraw; refrain from voting Acquittal - a judgment of not guilty Anger - a strong emotion; a feeling that is oriented toward some real or supposed grievance Antagonize – to act against someone; to act hostile toward Bigot- a person stubbornly attached to particular opinions Compassion – sympathy Coroner – a public official who investigates by inquest any death not due to natural causes Court-Appointed Attorney - Generally referred to as public defenders, court-appointed attorneys are lawyers who provide legal counsel to those who have been criminally charged and cannot otherwise obtain or pay for an attorney. Access to a court- appointed attorney is a defendant’s right under the 6th Amendment Death Sentence - Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the execution of a person by the state as punishment for a crime Defense attorney – the lawyer who represents the defendant Defendant - a person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law; the person being sued or accused Deliberate – on purpose; to think about carefully Dialogue – conversation Drab – dull First degree murder – the most serious type of murder, in which someone deliberately kills someone else Grand Jury – A type of jury which determines whether there is enough evidence for a trial Homicide – murder Hung Jury – a group of jurors who are unable to reach a decision Insignificant – unimportant Juror – a member of a jury 9 Jury – a group of twelve people who listen to details of a case in court and decide if someone is guilty. Please note: This word is a non-count noun. This means that even though the meaning is plural, it is treated as a singular noun. Example: The jury was (not were) unanimous Jury of your Peers - jury of one's peers n. a guaranteed right of criminal defendants, in which "peer" means an "equal." This has been interpreted by courts to mean that the available jurors include a broad spectrum of the population, particularly of race, national origin and gender. Jury selection may include no process which excludes those of a particular race or intentionally narrows the spectrum of possible jurors. It does not mean that women are to be tried by women, Asians by Asians, or African Americans by African Americans. Mandatory - Compulsory, something which must be done Motive - In law, especially criminal law, a motive is the cause that moves people to induce a certain action Naive – sometimes lacking understanding; inexperienced Perjury – lying under oath Petty Jury – a regular twelve person jury Premeditated – planned in advance Prosecuting attorney – the lawyer who represents the state Rapport – non-verbal relationship, a relationship of mutual understanding or trust and agreement between people Reasonable Doubt – doubting whether something proved in court was true Sadist – one who takes pleasure from cruelty Sheepishly – cowardly; shyly Subservient – useful in an inferior way, compliant and obedient to authority Superficial – concerned with or comprehending only what is apparent or obvious; not deep or penetrating emotionally or intellectually Testimony – the formal statement given by a witness in a court of law Trial – a legal process in which a court of law examines a case. He is on trial for murder. Unanimous – all in agreement Verdict – an official decision made by a jury about whether or not someone is guilty. The jury must reach a verdict. They must find the defendant guilty or not guilty. Witness – someone in a court of law who tells what they saw or what they know about a crime. The jury must be convinced that the defendant is guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. ] 10