Twelfth International Seaweed Symposium Developments in Hydrobiology 41 Series editor H.J. Dumont Twelfth International Seaweed Symposium Proceedings of the Twelfth International Seaweed Symposium held in Sao Paulo, Brazil, July 27 -August 1, 1986 Edited by Mark A. Ragan and Carolyn J. Bird Reprinted from Hydrobi%gia, vo/s. 151 and 152 1987 DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS .... 1111 a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHT/BOSTON I LANCASTER .~ Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358, USA for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lRN, UK for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International Seaweed Symposium (12th: 1986 : Sao Paulo, B.-azil) Proceedings of the Twelfth International Seaweed Symposium. (Developments in hydrobiology ; 41) "Reprinted from Hydrobiologia." 1. Marine algae--Congresses. 2. Marine algae culture--Congresseso I. Rqgan, Mark A. II. Bird, Carolyn J. Ill. Hydrobio!ogia. IV. Title. V. Series. SH390.A15158 1986 639 87-3306 ISBN -13: 978-94-010-8301-0 e-ISBN-13 :978-94-009-4057-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4057-4 Copyright © 1987 by Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Dr W. Junk Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands. v XIIth International Seaweed Symposium held in Sao Paulo, Brazil, July 27 - August 1, 1986 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE Chairman: A. Jensen (Norway) Vice-Chairman: 1. McLachlan (Canada) Secretary: B. Larsen (Norway) Members: Y. Aruga (Japan), 1. T. Baker (Australia), R. Delepine (France), M. S. Doty (U.S.A.), K. Nisizawa (Japan), E. C. de Oliveira (Brazil), B. Santelices (Chile), C. K. Tseng (People's Republic of China) NATIONAL COMMITTEE Chairman: Eurico C. de Oliveira Vice-Chairmen: Yumiko U gadim, Yocie Yoneshigue Treasurer: Alvaro Buoro Members: Maria do Rosario de A. Braga, Verena R. de Eston, Edison J. de Paula, Estela M. Plastino, Neyla Quege, Rocilda P. F. Schenkman EXTERNAL FINANCE COMMITTEE Chairman: P. S. Laite (U.S.A.) Member: K. Nisizawa (Japan) , ' i' VI I. L. L. Whitney, M. S. Doty, C. K. Tseng, 1.-P. Braud, R. Armisen Abos; 2. E. C. de Oliveira; 3. B. Larsen; 4. T. Hee, D. McHugh; 5. D. Luxton; 6. 1. C. de Freitas, H. Nascimento de Marques, R. M. Saito; 7. B. Jakobsen, A. Jensen; 8. J. A. West; 9. M. Friedlander; 10. D. 1. Stancioff, T. F. Lee; 11. 1. McLachlan; 12. L. Gonzales Poblete, A. Poblete. VII 13. T. M. Lebbar, L. Najim; 14. B. Kloareg, P. Gacesa, A. T. Critchley, G. T. Boalch; 15. B. Santelices, R. Westermeier; 16. W. Sander; 17. H. W. Moeller, J. P. van der Meer; 18. C. Camara Neto; 19. H. A. Ayal; 20. D. P. Cheney; 21. F. Magne, Mme M. Bodard, A. Pedersen, M. Bodard, E. M. Plastino, T. Bokn, M. P. R. Pique, M. 1. Wynne, T. Teramoto; 22. H. Noda; 23. V. R. de Eston; 24. Y. Yonishigue. VIII 25. P. O. Ang, Jr., H. Vandermeulen, R. DeWreede; 26. I. Y. Assad-Ludewigs; 27. M. E. Edding; 28. G. Dornbrack; 29. Sra L. Soriano, L. Soriano, A. Jensen; 30. Phycologists working together! 31. K. Buckley; 32. C. Y. Wu, V. Vreeland; 33. 1. M. Kain (Jones), M. Polne-Fuller; 34. M. D. Hanisak, T. F. Lee, V. A. Gerard; 35. B. Santelices, Y. Aruga, K. Nisizawa, C. K. Tseng. IX 36 46 36. K. Nielsen; 37. B. C. T. Mayer, A. M. S. Mayer; 38. D. Christiaen; 39. K. G. Rotmann, 1. H. Erni: 40. M. Glicksman; 41. W. 1. North, I. 1. Miller; 42. E. Nishide, Y. Aruga; 43. F. de A. Carvalho; 44. N. S. Jones, 1. M. Kain (Jones), C. K. Tseng; 45. A. R. o. Chapman; 46. A. Gibor. Credits for photographs: 1-5,7-11,14,16- 20,22,24-27,30,31,33,35-46 by M. Indergaard; 6,13,28,32 by M. A. Ragan; 12, 15, 29 by J. McLachlan; 21 by R. DeWreede; 23 by E. C. de Oliveira; 34 by C. J. Bird. XI Acknowledgements The Executive of the International Seaweed Association gratefully acknowledges the generous support of Marinalg International (Paris, France) and its member organizations: Copenhagen Pectin Factory Ltd, Copenhagen, Denmark Grindsted Products A/S, Grindsted, Denmark Kelco, Division of Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA Kelco/AIL International, London, UK Litex A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark Marine Colloids Division, FMC Corporation, Rockland, ME, USA Mero-Rousselot-Satia S.A., Paris, France Prona S.A., Madrid, Spain Protan A/S, Drammen, Norway The Twelfth International Seaweed Symposium was held under the auspices of the International Seaweed As sociation, the University of Sao Paulo, and the Brazilian Phycological Society. Financial support for its organi zation was provided by generous contributions by the following agencies: BRAZIL Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP Comissao Interministerial de Recursos do Mar, Brasilia, DF a Fundacao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, Brasilia, DF Secretaria da Industria e Comercio do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP Bradesco - Banco Brasileiro de Descontos, Sao Paulo, SP Agar Brasileiro Industria e Comercio, Joao Pessoa, PB CIALGAS - Companhia Industrial de Algas, Taboao da Serra, Sao Paulo, SP VARIG - Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense, Porto Alegre, RS Cia Nestle, Sao Paulo, SP Leao Junior S/A, Sao Paulo, SP JAPAN Arai Seitaro Company, Yokohama East Asiatic Company, Tokyo Fuji Chemical Industry, Inc., Wakayama Gito Foods Company, Ena-gun, Gifu Hakuryu Inc., Tokai-shi, Aichi Prefecture Imai Agar-Manufacturing Company, Ena-gun, Gifu Ina Foods Industry, Inc., Ina-shi, Nagano Kadoya Company, Kobe Kenji Kubodera, East Asiatic Company, Tokyo Kibun Foodo Kemifa, Inc., Tokyo Kimitsu Chemical Industry, Inc., Tokyo