T.S. Eliot DOI: 10.1057/9781137444462.0001 Also by G. Douglas Atkins THE FAITH OF JOHN DRYDEN: Change and Continuity READING DECONSTRUCTION/DECONSTRUCTIVE READING WRITING AND READING DIFFERENTLY: Deconstruction and the Teaching of Composition and Literature (co-edited with Michael L. Johnson) QUESTS OF DIFFERENCE: Reading Pope’s Poems SHAKESPEARE AND DECONSTRUCTION (co-edited with David M. Bergeron) CONTEMPORARY LITERARY THEORY (co-edited with Laura Morrow) GEOFFREY HARTMAN: Criticism as Answerable Style ESTRANGING THE FAMILIAR: Toward a Revitalized Critical Writing TRACING THE ESSAY: Through Experience to Truth READING ESSAYS: An Invitation ON THE FAMILIAR ESSAY: Challenging Academic Orthodoxies LITERARY PATHS TO RELIGIOUS UNDERSTANDING: Essays on Dryden, Pope, Keats, George Eliot, Joyce, T.S. Eliot, and E.B. White T.S. ELIOT AND THE ESSAY: From The Sacred Wood to Four Quartets READING T.S. ELIOT: Four Quartets and the Journey toward Understanding E.B. WHITE: The Essayist as First-Class Writer T.S. ELIOT MATERIALIZED: Literal Meaning and Embodied Truth SWIFT’S SATIRES ON MODERNISM: Battlegrounds of Reading and Writing ALEXANDER POPE’S CATHOLIC VISION: “Slave to no sect” T.S. ELIOT AND THE FAILURE TO CONNECT: Satire and Modern Misunderstandings T.S. ELIOT, LANCELOT ANDREWES, AND THE WORD: Intersections of Literature and Christianity SWIFT, JOYCE, AND THE FLIGHT FROM HOME: Quests of Transcendence and the Sin of Separation DOI: 10.1057/9781137444462.0001 T.S. Eliot: The Poet as Christian G. Douglas Atkins DOI: 10.1057/9781137444462.0001 t.s. elıot Copyright © G. Douglas Atkins, 2014. All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fift h Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–1–137–44448–6 EPUB ISBN: 978–1–137–44446–2 PDF ISBN: 978–1–137–44688–6 Hardback Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. First edition: 2014 www.palgrave.com/pivot doı: 10.1057/9781137444462 Contents Preface and Acknowledgments vi 1 Toward “a full juice of meaning”: Eliot’s Christian Poetics in Practice 1 2 The Present Unattended: “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” and The Waste Land 23 3 “For thy closer contact”: “Gerontion,” “The Hollow Men,” and Ash-Wednesday: Six Poems 42 4 On Turning and Not-Turning: Ash-Wednesday: Six Poems and A Song for Simeon 55 5 The Letter, the Body, and the Spirit: Animula and Ash-Wednesday: Six Poems 69 6 “The Ecstasy of Assent” (and Ascent): Marina, Triumphal March, and The Cultivation of Christmas Trees 82 Bibliography 102 Index 106 DOI: 10.1057/9781137444462.0001 v Preface and Acknowledgments I have written a good deal about Old Possum recently, revealing at least two faults: a near-obsession with the poet, the essayist, and the dramatist, and a stubborn, relentless ongoing essai to get him right. The present book follows from, without repeating or replacing, the most recent, a study of Eliot and his relation to the particular ways of both writing and reading embodied in the sermons of the seventeenth-century Anglican Divine Lancelot Andrewes. Bishop Andrewes’s way of writing and reading has been succinctly described by (my fellow-eighteenth-century scholars) John Butt and Geoffrey Tillotson, introducing the Cambridge University “Plain Texts” edition of Andrewes’s sermons on the Resurrection: Andrewes’ business here is exegesis. His interest lies only in the text and he does not consider his work finished until every word has directed a separate pencil of light into the heart of his subject. . . . It is his theme which masters Andrewes. . . . His style progresses with the imperturb- able tattoo of a Morse signal. He escapes the muddiness of many of Donne’s sermons and has no use for his ecstasies. Where everything is equally important there is no need for rhetoric. In his brilliant commentary in the 1928 book that he pref- aced with the famous announcement that he was “classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglo-catholic in reli- gion,” Eliot himself opens the way for Professors Butt and Tillotson by demonstrating in theory and practice Bishop Andrewes’s “squeezing and squeezing” of a word “until it yields a full juice of meaning which we should never vi DOI: 10.1057/9781137444462.0002 Preface and Acknowledgments vii have supposed any word to possess.” Although the procedure is obvi- ously susceptible to abuse, it constitutes the focal point of my reading of Eliot’s poems. Lancelot Andrewes’s writing is also the basis of Eliot’s understanding of the Incarnation and of a complementary and entailed way of writing (and reading): philological, comparative, and meditative. What we might call Eliot’s theology of the word becomes a theology of the Word (and perhaps vice versa). I take from Bishop Andrewes that intensely verbal concentration; from Eliot, I take the complementary comparative, or intra-textual, manner. Inter-textuality enhances the play of intra-textuality, with the result that I am constantly following Eliot’s further advice and weigh- ing one thing by another, often its apparent opposite. From Andrewes and Eliot together, then (but not necessarily in the order of my listing of debts), I take an (Incarnational) understanding, based in paradox and “impossible union” (Four Quartets), with which I approach the writing and the reading of poetry. Incarnation forms the thematic heart and soul as well as the structural pattern represented and dramatized in Eliot’s post-conversion poems. Comparing Ash-Wednesday: Six Poems with the Ariel poems, the works in verse closest in time to Andrewes’s most profound and reveal- ing effects on Eliot’s understanding and his writing opens up fresh new perspectives on the situation, burden, responsibilities, and opportunities faced by the poet who is (also) a Christian. In order to delineate and define “the way“ of the poet writing as a Christian, I compare the “new” writing, post-conversion, with that done under “the old dispensation,” in the process discovering differences and similarities heretofore scanted in previous commentary. The complex, “both/and” nature of Christianity poses particular problems and difficulties for the poet at once true to his or her understanding and responsible and scrupulous as a poet and thus a steward of words. This book is, then, fundamentally about T.S. Eliot’s perhaps most under-read, misread, and most challenging and demanding works, the so-called conversion poem and five “Ariel Poems” (counting the oft- dismissed The Cultivation of Christmas Trees, included among Faber and Faber’s new Ariel poems in 1954, a sort of second-coming that “book- ends” with the story of the first coming, and the coming to it, Journey of the Magi). The present volume also engages in de-confining critical procedures by (paradoxically) returning attention to the primary units of attention, those “things” composed of mere letters, the literal facticity of DOI: 10.1057/9781137444462.0002 viii Preface and Acknowledgments words themselves. I subscribe completely to Old Possum’s little-noticed declaration that “the letter giveth life.” I gratefully acknowledge my debts once more to Brigitte Shull at Palgrave Macmillan, who supports, encourages, facilitates, and opens a way; Erin Ivy, who introduced me to Palgrave Macmillan; Pam LeRow and Lori Whitten, who make my work easier; Leslie, Christopher, Kate, Oliver, Craig, and Sharon, who make me proud; and my wife Rebecca, who not only makes me proud but also makes both my work and my life easier and happier. DOI: 10.1057/9781137444462.0002 1 Toward “a full juice of meaning”: Eliot’s Christian Poetics in Practice Abstract: Eliot’s poetics, being thoroughly Incarnational post-conversion to Anglo-Catholicism in 1927, center around words, their precise meaning, and their relation to one another. Eliot takes from Lancelot Andrewes the idea and necessity of “squeezing and squeezing a word until it yields a full juice of meaning which we should never have supposed any word to possess” and makes it the center of his own writing in verse. Before 1927 his poems are not made of such “squeezing and squeezing” of individual words. A change appears in Journey of the Magi (1927) and is fully developed in Ash-Wednesday: Six Poems (1930). What is perhaps merely inchoate early becomes fulfilled later, as the New Testament fulfills the Old, the Incarnation the pattern or structure named Incarnation. Atkins, G. Douglas. T.S. Eliot: The Poet as Christian. New York. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. doi: 10.1057/9781137444462.0003. DOI: 10.1057/9781137444462.0003 1