rep r ts OF THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION | SUMMER 2018 | VOLUME 38 | NO 3 Megan Herbert 2018 © TRUST ME, I’M A SCIENTIST p.3 MUCH ADO ABOUT EVOLUTION p.11 SBC TEACHER GRANTS—10,000 STUDENTS LATER p.13 REVIEW: THE TANTRUM THAT SAVED THE WORLD p.14 Dear NCSE members, EDITOR Stephanie Keep National Center for Science Education I g uess it would be okay if every student left high school accepting the 1904 Franklin Street, Suite 600 scientific consensus about both evolution and climate change. I mean, I Oakland CA 94612-2922 wouldn’t complain. But wouldn’t it be better if every student left high school phone: (510) 601-7203 having dug deeply into the evidence for climate change and evolution and e-mail: [email protected] not only “accepted” the science but had personally experienced the “aha!” BOOK REVIEW EDITOR of discovery—that moment when evidence falls into place and the world Glenn Branch suddenly makes more sense? Wouldn’t that be cool? PUBLISHER Ann Reid And while we’re at it, why not give that experience not just to students but also to the millions of people who are currently distrustful of, alienated VOL 38, NO 3, SUMMER 2018 from, or indifferent to science? Now we’re talking! ISSN 1064-2358 ©2018 by the National Center for Science That’s the big dream that we have at NCSE. We believe passionately Education, Inc, a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) that the thrill and power of science belongs to everyone, not just scientists. organization under US law. Reports Everyone should know they can “science” just like they know they can of the National Center for Science read and write. It’s a way to observe the world, ask questions, share Education (RNCSE) is published by NCSE to promote the understanding of information, and reach conclusions that no one should pretend can only evolutionary and climate science. be practiced by professionals. NCSE is a nonprofit, tax-exempt Sharing the thrill of science also means standing up for its rules and values. corporation affiliated with the American Association for the Science requires rigor, integrity, and a ruthless determination to challenge Advancement of Science and an one’s own assumptions and biases. It’s like any other pursuit—you don’t Associated Group of the National get to win a basketball game if you’re double-dribbling, you won’t make it to Science Teachers Association. Carnegie Hall without mastering your scales and arpeggios, and you don’t OFFICERS & DIRECTORS get to participate in science without learning and respecting the difference Kenneth R. Miller, President between legitimate examination of and debate about the evidence and illegiti- Lorne Trottier, VP/Treasurer mate cherry-picking of evidence that supports your preconceived notion. Robert M. West, Secretary Vicki Chandler, Director And that’s why NCSE’s issues—evolution and climate change—are such Michael Haas, Director perfect vehicles for introducing people to the both the joy and power of Richard B. Katskee, Director science. First of all, both topics are tremendously relatable and engaging. Naomi Oreskes, Director Where did I come from? and Where is our planet going? are some of the Barry Polisky, Director Benjamin D. Santer, Director biggest questions out there and evolution and climate science help to answer them. (Nothing against the periodic table, but it’s hard to get people fired Views expressed are those of their authors and do not necessarily up about it.) Second, there is a vast pool of evidence, from multiple lines reflect the views of NCSE. of inquiry, on which you can draw and use to engage with anyone, of RNCSE is published 4 times a year. any age, anywhere. And finally, because the topics are (unfortunately) so Address editorial correspondence societally controversial, few people reach their teenage years without having to [email protected] formed an opinion about them, often a passionate one. Write to the publisher regarding address changes, missing issues, Your support makes all our work possible. Here’s hoping that you experience purchases of back issues, reprint an “aha!” moment today. With your help, we will continue to strive to make rights, and related issues. that experience a universal one. [email protected] Gratefully, IMAGE CREDITS page 6 Ann Reid is the Robert Stephens photo: Sena Havasy executive director of NCSE. Kerry Emanuel photo: Helen Hill [email protected] back cover: ©Timothy J. Bradley 2 REPORTS OF THE NCSE | SUMMER 2018 @ncse evolution.ncse Trust Me, I’m A Scientist: BRIDGING THE SCIENCE COMMUNICATION GAP Wu participating in her first science storytelling show with the by Katherine Wu Story Collider at Brain Week Rhode Island in March 2018. Photo: Chris Anderson, AS220 I mproving science communication is more urgent scientists feel culturally inaccessible to each other. But than ever. Politics has increasingly invaded the of course scientists are, just like everyone else, a subset discourse of science, and public trust of scientists and of the general public. My lack of expertise in millions of their work is uncharacteristically low in a few key areas. topics from parenting to art history to physics makes me This has no doubt contributed to the significant gaps a member of the general public far more often than I am between scientists and non-scientists regarding many an expert. important scientific issues. According to the Pew Research So how do we overcome this perceived gap between Center, 98% of scientists agree with the statement scientists and the public? By disabusing ourselves of three “humans have evolved over time” whereas only 65% of key assumptions, each of them false. the general public agrees. When it comes to climate change, 87% of scientists (and 97% of climate scientists) FALSE ASSUMPTION #1: acknowledge the phenomenon and its human-driven The gap between scientists and causes, while only 50% of the general public shares non-scientists is about knowledge. these views. The existence of these all-too-wide gaps probably isn’t news to you, but it should still alarm you. Yes, scientists are experts on scientific issues. But if the divergence between scientists and the general public We will come back to those dispiriting gaps, but I want with regard to evolution were just about knowledge, or a to begin by focusing on the phrase, “general public.” I deficit thereof, then it would be hard to understand why first consciously divorced myself from “the general public” scientists (with the aid of science teachers) haven’t made when I came to graduate school and began the noble more progress in closing the gap since the Scopes era. pursuit of Science with a capital S. As I entered the hal- Clearly there’s more to the equation. The rift between sci- lowed halls of academia, I felt as though I had transi- entists and the general public is not just about knowledge. tioned out of the common masses and joined the ranks of It’s also about trust. Unfortunately, history has given the the fabled Jedi. That assumption certainly wasn’t my first public several reasons to doubt the correlation between mistake in life—but it was one of my greatest. science and progress. A few notable examples include the eugenics movement, fraudulent claims publicized by The minute I started “othering” the general public, I tobacco companies, and the baseless work on vaccine compromised my ability to be an effective science com- safety put forth by Andrew Wakefield. municator. When scientists are juxtaposed against “the general public,” it implies that the two are separate, Compounding this issue is the fact that most scientists mutually exclusive entities. This attitude, held by people are trained to talk only to other scientists. As we ascend that identify with either group, makes scientists and non- through the ranks of academia, we acquire skill sets and $ ncse.com VOLUME 38 NO 3 | REPORTS OF THE NCSE 3 vocabularies that allow us to specialize, and the category of “other scientists” with whom we can communicate dwindles until it consists of only those in our typically very narrow subfield. If we hope to communicate beyond these limited circles, We can’t compete with sensationalized we need to acknowledge that communication occurs headlines, but with most effectively when we’re listening to someone we’re some work, we can already inclined to believe, whether that’s because we reduce their allure. share a political party or a religious view or even a certain ethnicity. We listen to people who look like us, act like us, and feel like us. It’s hard for science to compete with sensationalized misin- formation. And in the shadow of such misleading science The moral for scientists seeking to communicate with the “news,” I’m often sorely tempted to overstate the implica- public is clear. We can flood people with scientific facts, tions of my own results. But doing so is a slippery slope, but they may still struggle to understand, or even misinter- and even the slightest exaggeration can spin out of control. pret those facts, if we don’t pay attention to how we pres- The way to combat the misrepresentation of science is not ent the information. If we fail to acknowledge people’s to fight fire with fire. Instead, scientists should publicize core beliefs when we tell them they are wrong, they feel their methods in addition to their results. Rather than using as though we are attacking not just their knowledge base misleading adjectives and phrasing to describe my work, but also the values they hold most dear. We must learn I take the time to explain to friends outside the lab how I to be respectful of and receptive to the perspectives and collected my data and why it’s important. Rebuilding rap- concerns of the general public, for we can spew out all port between scientists and non-scientists means opening the facts we want, but none of it will do any good if no new lines of communication and increasing transparency one is willing to listen. about not only the conclusions we come to, but also FALSE ASSUMPTION #2: how we arrive at them—and the inevitable errors and There is finality and certainty in science. stumbling blocks we encounter on the way. The ability of science to question, revise, and self-correct is not a Scientists often assume that having “normal” conversations liability, but an asset to be celebrated. requires us to speak in oversimplified terms or, worse, absolutes. On the one hand, there are facts for which so FALSE ASSUMPTION #3: much evidence exists that we consider them incontrovert- Effective communication is easy. ible: the idea that life evolves, for instance, or the link be- tween increasing accumulation of greenhouse gases in our The journalist William H. Whyte once said, “The single atmosphere and human industrialization. However, science biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has is not composed only of such clear truths: it’s a spectrum in taken place.” As scientists, we often assume that once we which the strength of the conclusion is directly proportional put information out there, our job is done (or worse, that to the strength of the evidence behind it. Accordingly, the communication is still occurring in our absence). But this isn’t process of science is almost never clear-cut or final—all the case. Science is conducted for the greater good of the data requires interpretation, which is subject to bias, and community—so why aren’t we engaging with the benefi- all results are preliminary. But hypotheses and tentative ciaries of our work? conclusions don’t make for good headlines. The problem is painfully obvious when we consider how When I earn my PhD, I might be able to say, “We think scientists are educated in this country. In graduate school, we may have come across something that explains a students are trained to be scientists—at least, where the defi- miniscule portion of a complex pathway that might be nition of “scientist” encompasses handling data and interpret- correlated with a slightly elevated risk of contracting this ing and producing scientific literature. But not much attention disease—but our findings are pretty specific to this one is given to the responsibility to engage with the public. In my population studied at this point in time under these condi- own case, for example, except for extracurricular activities tions.” Meanwhile, headlines from even reputable media I independently pursued, I received no formal training in sources are more along the lines of, “Smelling farts might science communication or education. Given that science has prevent cancer!” now become embroiled in political controversy, this is a mas- 4 REPORTS OF THE NCSE | SUMMER 2018 @ncse evolution.ncse sive oversight. As we continue to train new THE BIG PICTURE generations of scientists in this way, the The ability I chose a career in science because it gap between science and society simply was the only profession that would allow widens further. me to be a student for the rest of my life—to of science to continually have my beliefs challenged and There is no point to doing science if it my perspectives widened. Eventually, I real- can’t be shared with others. Yes, scientists question, ized that becoming a scientist wasn’t about already publish their data and encourage leaving the general public behind—it was other scientists to replicate, criticize, and revise, and about learning a new way of communicat- build upon their work. But most scientific ing with those around me. Issues like climate articles remain quarantined behind a self-correct change don’t affect only scientists, and scien- paywall; even when accessed, they are tists cannot achieve progress alone. cluttered with field-specific jargon and is not a technical details that create headaches As a scientist, I am determined to remain for even our colleagues. We should not liability, but grounded in the world I systematically exam- consider communication accomplished ine, stop “othering,” and remain an engaged upon publication, because we have not an asset to member of society. My work in the lab may yet reached the most important audience or may not generate tangible benefits in my of all. Going forward, graduate and be celebrated. lifetime, but the greater cause I pursue is ev- professional science programs should ery bit as real: giving science the accessibility include more comprehensive training in it deserves. outreach and public engagement. The job of a scientist certainly involves acquiring information, Katherine Wu is a fourth-year graduate student at Harvard but it also involves disseminating that information beyond University, studying infectious disease, and a 2018 our labs and even beyond our field. If we ignore or skimp AAAS Mass Media Fellow at Smithsonian magazine. From 2016 to 2018, she served as co-director of the on the latter task, the potential impact of the former will be science communication organization Science in the News. diminished and we will have failed at half our job. [email protected] WHAT WE’RE UP AGAINST Creationists in the Galápagos A center for creationist research is about to begin whom are particularly interested in science, accord- construction on the island of Santa Cruz, one of ing to the island’s vice mayor. The report com- the largest and most popu- mented, “This is the kind of lous of the islands in the public that Church leaders Galápagos archipelago. Ac- want to attract with the cording to a report from the Creation Center, ironically Adventist News Network, in placed on Charles Darwin addition to research facili- Avenue, a symbolic route ties, administrative space, through which the famous and a headquarters for the naturalist who systematized Central Adventist Church, the evolutionary theory the center will also have a passed in 1835.” Santa display “to explain the cre- Cruz is also the home to the ationist model to visitors.” Charles Darwin Foundation, The island attracts about founded in 1959, and its nine hundred visitors daily, main research station. about fifteen percent of —GLENN BRANCH Photo: Elizabeth Crapo, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Department of Commerce $ ncse.com VOLUME 38 NO 3 | REPORTS OF THE NCSE 5 2018 Friend of Darwin and Friend of the Planet Awards “while it would be hard to overstate how “Kerry Emanuel is not only a pre-eminent generous Tiffany Adrain was, both with climate scientist but also a highly skilled her time and with the specimens that climate communicator,” Reid explained. NCSE is pleased to announce the winners of the Friend of Darwin she curates, to the then-fledgling Science “As his colleague Ben Santer says, when Emanuel speaks about human Award for 2018: Booster Clubs that NCSE piloted in effects on climate, people listen.” She Tiffany eastern Iowa.” added, “Likewise, Climate Central’s Adrain, the col- NCSE is also pleased to announce efforts to translate the complexities of sci- lections the winners of the Friend of the entific research on climate change into manager at Planet award for 2018: plain English for a general public have been both indefatigable and invaluable: the Univer- a true model of science communication.” sity of Iowa Paleontology Repository and a supporter of NCSE’s Science Booster The Friend of Darwin and Friend of the Clubs in Iowa, and Robert Stephens, a Planet awards are presented annually cell and molecular biologist who pro- to a select few whose efforts to support posed the idea of Darwin Day in 1993 NCSE and advance its goal of defend- and cofounded the Darwin Day Program Climate Central, a group of scientists and ing the teaching of evolution and climate to coordinate and encourage the celebra- journalists providing a reliable and ac- science have been truly outstanding. tions of the great naturalist’s life and work. curate source of information about climate Previous recipients of the Friend of Dar- change, especially through its website and “The continued vitality of Darwin Day win award include Brian Alters, Brandon its book Global Weirdness (2013), and celebrations across the country—and Haught, Ronald L. Numbers, and Judy Kerry Emanuel, Professor of Atmospheric around the world—is in large part due Scotchmoor. Previous recipients of the to Bob Stephens’s success in establishing Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Friend of the Planet Award include the Darwin Day program,” commented Technology and the author of What We Michael E. Mann, Naomi Oreskes, and NCSE’s executive director Ann Reid, Know About Climate Change (2007). Skeptical Science. PLACE & TIME The Cardiff Giant The Cardiff Giant was a carving of giant humans that once roamed 3.2-meters long with a mass of 1350 upper New York. Some biblical lit- kilograms (ten feet; 2,990 pounds). eralists claimed that it confirmed the It was conceived of and commis- claim in Genesis 6:4 that “there were sioned by New York tobacconist giants in the Earth in those days.” George Hull in 1868. Hull buried A Syracuse newspaper hailed the the statue behind the barn of his gypsum giant as “Taller than Goliath cousin William “Stub” Newell whom David Slew,” and Hull and outside Cardiff, New York, and on Newell set up a small museum that October 16, 1869, Henry Nichols charged visitors 25 cents (raised to and Gideon Emmons “discovered” 50 cents two days later) to see the it while digging a well. giant. Although the paleontologist Public reactions were mixed. Some O. C. Marsh denounced the giant as simply thought the carving was an “remarkable—a remarkable fake,” ancient statue, but others speculated more than 2,300 people came to that it was the petrified remains of a see it during the first week of public The Cardiff Giant, “America’s Greatest Hoax,” near its site of excavation in Cardiff, New York. man belonging to an extinct species disply, and far more came afterward. Photo: Wikimedia Commons 6 REPORTS OF THE NCSE | SUMMER 2018 @ncse evolution.ncse news from the membership news from the membership Kenneth R. against imposition of religious ideas in Wisconsin, Milwaukee, in 2006; Rutgers Miller, president the public schools—it doesn’t protect University in 2007; the University of of NCSE’s board you against the introduction of stupid New Mexico in 2008, the University of directors and ideas.” He expressed concern that of Missouri, Columbia, and Colorado professor of biology Louisiana’s students are learning “the College in 2010; and Chapman at Brown University, scientific method and the scientific University in 2013. was featured community [are] not to be trusted.” NCSE is pleased to congratulate in a ten-minute documentary about Described as an “award-winning scholar Bertha Vazquez on receiving the current threats to evolution education, and champion of science,” NCSE’s Evolution Education Award for 2017 produced by Retro Report and hosted at The New York Times at https:// founding executive director Eugenie from the National Association of Biology nyti.ms/2LagYJ1. Also appearing C. Scott received an honorary degree Teachers. Vazquez received the award at was activist Zack from Transylvania University in Lexington, the NABT’s recent conference in St. Louis, Kopplin, a recipient Kentucky. The honor was bestowed at Missouri. The NABT award, sponsored of NCSE’s Friend the university’s Academic Convocation by BEACON and BSCS, “recognizes of Darwin award on September 15, 2017. Scott delivered innovative classroom teachers and for his work toward an address on the importance of a their efforts to promote the accurate repealing the so- liberal arts education, using the Kitzmiller understanding of biological evolution called Louisiana v. Dover trial of 2005 as a source of with the larger community.” A member of Science Education examples and anecdotes. The honorary NCSE and a guest contributor to NCSE’s Act of 2008. In the documentary, degree was Scott’s tenth. She was blog, Vazquez teaches at G. W. Carver Miller discussed the Louisiana law’s previously honored with honorary Middle School in Miami. and directs the attempt to circumvent the case law on degrees from McGill University in 2003, Richard Dawkins Foundation’s Teacher the teaching of creationism, observing, the Ohio State University in 2005, Mount Institute for Evolutionary Science. “the First Amendment protects you Holyoke College and the University of —GLENN BRANCH A group of businessmen bought a and in Chicago they found the giant’s New York Historical Association majority interest in the statue for sculptors. When both giants appeared purchased it for $30,000. Today, the $37,500 and moved it to Syracuse, in the same town, Hull confessed that Cardiff Giant is displayed as “Amer- where it was displayed even more his giant was fake, which cleared Bar- ica’s Greatest Hoax” at the Farmers’ prominently. Special trains brought num of forgery (after all, he could not Museum in Cooperstown, New York, visitors to see the giant, and show- be prosecuted for showing a fake of a not far from the National Baseball man P. T. Barnum offered $50,000 fake). By the time the giants were re- Hall of Fame and Museum. Barnum’s to lease the giant for 90 days. When vealed as fakes, Hull and Newell made replica of Hull’s hoax is displayed— Hull refused Barnum’s offer, Barnum more than $30,000 from their fraud, along with hundreds of curious coin-operated machines—at Marvin’s made an unauthorized copy of the and Barnum more than $150,000 from Marvelous Mechanical Museum just giant that he displayed in Brooklyn, his. It was not clear whether Hull in- outside of Detroit. telling people that his was the real tended to use the giant to cheat people giant and that the Cardiff Giant was out of money or, as he later claimed, to Randy Moore is the H. T. Morse– Alumni Professor of the hoax. Hull then sued Barnum, expose theologians who insisted on the Biology at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. His most recent book is and reporters began to investigate. literal truth of the Bible. The Grand Canyon: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, In Iowa, they discovered Hull’s pur- Hull’s giant eventually ended up in coauthored with Kara Felicia Witt chase of a five-ton piece of gypsum, Des Moines, Iowa, after which the (ABC-CLIO, 2018). [email protected] $ ncse.com VOLUME 38 NO 3 | REPORTS OF THE NCSE 7 Are there threats to effective science education near you? Do you have a story of success or cause for celebration to share? E-mail any member of staff or [email protected]. n c s e . c o m / u p d a t e s ALABAMA Alabama’s House Bill 258, introduced in January 2018, would have allowed teachers to present “the theory of creation as presented in the Bible” in any class discussing evolution. Creationist students would not be penalized for answering examination questions in a way reflecting their adherence to creationism, “provided the response is correct according to the instruction received.” The bill was evidently modeled on a 1976 Kentucky law still on the books. HB 258 died when the legislature adjourned in March 2018. COLORADO When a proposed set of new state science standards was presented to the Colorado state board of education in January 2018, one board member objected to the inclusion of climate change. According to Chalkbeat, Steve Durham complained, “You want a scientifically literate citizen that accepts without question your little statement on page 121 here about climate change.” The standards, not yet adopted as of May 2018, acknowledge that human activities are “major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature.” Copyright © Free Vector Maps.com FLORIDA, CLAY COUNTY New K–12 science textbooks were approved on a 3–2 vote ILLINOIS, EFFINGHAM by the Clay County School Board in early February 2018, A creationist organization, the Creation amid complaints from “many parents,” according to CBS 47/ Truth Foundation, conducted back-to-back Fox 30. “Some said evolution has flaws, and they should be programs at Central Grade School in Effingham, Illinois, in acknowledged in the classroom. Others said their children late January 2018. The first, held during school hours, was should have the opportunity to learn about other theories.” nominally secular and scientific, but flyers were distributed The district superintendent reportedly attempted to assuage there advertising the second, which was held at the school their concerns by saying that evolution was taught as a scien- on a Saturday and was explicitly religious—a fact reportedly tific theory, not a fact. not clear from the flyers. The programs were coordinated by the president of the school board, who is also the pastor of a LOUISIANA, BOSSIER PARISH local church. A lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana on February 7, 2018, Does MISSOURI, KANSAS CITY 1–4 v. Bossier Parish School Board, alleges that “school A seventh-grade science teacher at Smith-Hale Middle officials throughout the Bossier Parish School System coerce School in the Hickman Mills C-1 School District was report- students into religious practices and subject them to unwel- edly teaching creationism, including questions intended to come religious messages and indoctrination.” Some teachers cast doubt upon evolution and the scientifically established “reportedly … prais[e] creationism in class and attempt … to age of Earth on his examinations, according to the Freedom discredit the scientific theory of evolution.” The plaintiffs are from Religion Foundation. In a January 2018 reply to a letter represented by Americans United for Separation of Church from the Foundation, the district superintendent replied that the and State. questions were not aligned with the state science standards “and consequently are not acceptable and will not be utilized in our schools.” 8 REPORTS OF THE NCSE | SUMMER 2018 @ncse evolution.ncse FINLAND TURKEY In the presidential campaigning culminating in the Adnan Oktar, who runs the Islamic creationist organization January 2018 election, Laura Huhtasaari, the populist that publishes antievolution screeds under the name Harun and nationalist Finns Party candidate for president, Yahya, was “slammed” by the head of Turkey’s Directorate of was widely alleged to be a creationist. In 2015, she Religious Affairs, Ali Erbas, in February 2018, according to reportedly posted comments on social media rejecting the Newsweek. “Over the years, Oktar has been a vocal sup- common ancestry of humans and monkeys, adding, “Even if porter of Turkey’s pious President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and I did not believe in God, I would not believe in Darwin.” She it was rumored that the two men maintained friendly relations. Copyright © Free Vector Maps.com received just over 6 percent of the vote, while incumbent Sauli But Oktar now appears to have gotten Niinistö received over 60 percent of the vote. on the bad side of the country’s religious authorities.” UNITED KINGDOM, LONDON Kings Kids Christian School, a small establishment in New Cross, east London, was slammed in a February 2018 report by Ofsted (the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s m Services, and Skills) in part because “[t]he creation story is o ps.c taught in science and there is no evidence that pupils learn a M or scientific theories about the origin of the earth.” ct Ve The school uses instructional materials from e e by Fr the controversial Accelerated Christian ps Education program to serve twenty-five a M students between the age of three and eleven. INDIA Copyright © Free Vector Maps.com Controversy ensued in January 2018 after Satyapal Singh, the Minister of State for Human Resource Development, described the theory of evolution as “scientifically wrong,” at least as applied to humans, in a public address, and urged its removal from science curricula. The national secretary of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, Ram Madhav, subse- quently endorsed his views—and provided links to the “intelligent design”–promoting Discovery Institute’s website—on Twitter, while scientists and scientific organizations across the country expressed their opposition. Copyright © Free Vector Maps.com $ ncse.com VOLUME 38 NO 3 | REPORTS OF THE NCSE3 9 S R n mple a Dom A s with Megan Herbert & Michael E. Mann In an interview Michael E. Mann gave to RNCSE last one carefully, not wanting to frighten young read- in 2016, he said, “If my science is going to be used ers. But I did want them to think about how dried-up as a proxy for the validity of the science of climate farmland in a distant place can have drastic knock- change, then I’m willing to fight.” His most recent on effects for everyone. I wanted to remove the idea foray onto the battlefield has come in an unusual of “us” and “them” so kids (and adults) can experi- form—a children’s book. Mann, a climate ence empathy for what people in other parts of the scientist at Penn State, has teamed up with world are going through. Australian illustrator and writer Megan Herbert SK: What is your favorite line or illustration from to develop the charming and powerful book the book? The Tantrum that Saved the World, which is reviewed on page 14. After receiving my own MH: It’s when Sophia (the heroine) goes through copy and reading it to my daughters, I just had to her big emotional transformation. She is about to give up, ask the authors some questions. Let’s pick their brains! but then rallies when her new friends comfort her and tell her their stories. It’s at that moment that she knows Stephanie Keep: What was your goal in writing this story? she has to persist: “Sophia thought deeply and then made Megan Herbert: When people feel overwhelmed by the her choice… She had to give those who’d been silenced a enormity of the climate change issue, they tend to shut voice.” I’m (only slightly) embarrassed to admit that I cry off their empathy valves. “This isn’t happening to me; it’s every time I read this line. too big a problem; I’m powerless to help.” My goal, in MEM: It would be the final image of Sophia with the po- writing this book, was to help people—both children and lar bear, as she asks for “The President’s office, please.” It adults—to reengage with their empathy. Because when we is empowering, something I feel is particularly important feel empathy, we are moved to act. for young girls, but for boys as well. Michael E. Mann: Climate change has unfortunately SK: Okay, one silly question: At the end of the story, So- become a partisan political issue in this country, and that phia is seen giving the polar bear an ice-bath. It looks like means that conventional approaches to communicating he’s moved in. If you had to have one of your non-human the science and its implications are not always effective. animal climate refugees stay in your house indefinitely, I’m always looking for novel approaches and collabora- which one would it be and why? tions to help get the word out. MEM: The polar bear would be hard to feed and take SK: How did you pick the seven climate refugees featured care of, my daughter is scared of bees, I don’t think my in your book? two housecats would welcome a tiger, I couldn’t provide a MEM: Considerations of diversity—both with respect to sea turtle with a suitable habitat ... so, by process of elimi- our animals and our people—were critical. Each is threat- nation, I guess it’d be the flamingo! ened by climate change in a different yet interconnected MH: As a beginner gardener, and someone fond of a drop way. The theme of the interconnectedness of all living of honey in my tea, I’ll definitely take the bees! things is a critical one in the book. We all depend on each other and our planet. Earth is the only planet we know SK: What would you say to a critic who suggests that the of in the universe that supports life. Let’s take care of it. book’s ending, with Sophia’s tantrum saving the world, That’s the ultimate message here. is wishful thinking? MH: With the humans affected, I thought it was MH: Pessimists are rarely world-saving heroes! A important to highlight the different sorts of problems hopeful ending is essential if we want to inspire kids we’ll face as a result of climate change—job loss is (and the adults in their lives) to act. explored with the plight of the fishers, the i-Kiribati’s MEM: Wishes don’t come true without wishful forced migration due to rising seas, and the onset thinking. of civil war that we see coming from highly volatile —STEPHANIE KEEP regions such as Syria. Of course, I had to couch the 10 REPORTS OF THE NCSE | SUMMER 2018 @ncse evolution.ncse