Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists Committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in the Careers of Life Scientists Board on Biology Commission on Life Sciences Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel National Research Council National Academy Press Washington, DC 1998 Trends in the Early Careers of Life title: Scientists author: publisher: National Academies Press isbn10 | asin: 0309061806 print isbn13: 9780309061803 ebook isbn13: 9780585038094 language: English Life scientists--Employment--United States, Life scientists--Training of--United States, subject Life sciences--Vocational guidance--United States. publication date: 1998 lcc: QH314.T74 1998eb ddc: 570/.23/73 Life scientists--Employment--United States, Life scientists--Training of--United States, subject: Life sciences--Vocational guidance--United States. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This project was supported by Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health, Grant No. BIR- 9512867 from the National Science Foundation, Grant No. APP 0589 from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and by the Academy-Industry Program of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 98-87338 International Standard Book Number 0-309-06180-6 Additional copies of this report are available from: National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Page iii Committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in the Careers of Life Scientists Shirley Tilghman (Chair), Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey Helen S. Astin, University of California, Los Angeles, California William Brinkley, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Mary Dell Chilton, Ciba-Geigy Biotechnology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Michael P. Cummings, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Ronald G. Ehrenberg, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Mary Frank Fox, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia Kevin Glenn, Searle, St. Louis, Missouri Pamela J. Green, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Sherrie Hans, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Arthur Kelman, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Jules LaPidus*, Council of Graduate Schools, Washington, DC Bruce Levin, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia J. Richard McIntosh, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Henry Riecken, University of Pennsylvania (emeritus) Paula E. Stephan, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia Commission on Life Sciences Liaison Ursula W. Goodenough, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Adviser Douglas E. Kelly, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC Staff Porter E. Coggeshall Karen Greif Charlotte V. Kuh Alvin G. Lazen, Staff Project Director Molla Teclemariam James A. Voytuk Norman Grossblatt, Editor Kit W. Lee, Senior Project Assistant * until March 1997 Page iv Committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in the Careers of Life Scientists Liaison Group National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia Jim Edwards Joanne Hazlett Carlos Kruytbosch National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Jeffrey Evans John Norvell Walter Schaffer Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy Studies, Nashville, Tennessee Georgine Pion Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC Jennifer Sutton Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, Maryland Howard Garrison Council of Graduate Schools, Washington, DC Peter Syverson The American Society for Cell Biology, Bethesda, Maryland Elizabeth Marincola Page v Commission on Life Sciences Thomas D. Pollard (Chairman), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California Frederick R. Anderson, Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, DC John C. Bailar III, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Paul Berg, Stanford University, Stanford, California Joanna Burger, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey Sharon L. Dunwoody, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin John L. Emmerson, Fishers, Indiana (retired) Neal L. First, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Ursula W. Goodenough, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Henry W. Heikkinen, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado Hans J. Kende, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Cynthia J. Kenyon, University of California, San Francisco, California David M. Livingston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Thomas E. Lovejoy, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Donald R. Mattison, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Joseph E. Murray, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts Edward E. Penhoet, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California Malcolm C. Pike, Norris/USC Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California Jonathan M. Samet, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Charles F. Stevens, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California John L. VandeBerg, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas Staff Paul Gilman, Executive Director Alvin G. Lazen, Associate Executive Director Page vi Board on Biology Michael T. Clegg (Chairman), University of California, Riverside, California David Eisenberg, University of California, Los Angeles, California Gerald D. Fischbach, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts David J. Galas, Darwin Molecular Corporation, Bothell, Washington David V. Goeddel, Tularik, Inc., South San Francisco, California Arturo Gomez-Pompa, University of California, Riverside, California Corey S. Goodman, University of California, Berkeley, California Margaret G. Kidwell, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Bruce R. Levin, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia Olga F. Linares, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Miami, Florida Elliott M. Meyerowitz, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Robert T. Paine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Ronald R. Sederoff, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Daniel Simberloff, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee Robert R. Sokal, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York Shirley M. Tilghman, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey Raymond L. White, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah