Environmental Science and Engineering Sushma Dave Jayashankar Das Editors Trends and Contemporary Technologies for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes Environmental Science and Engineering SeriesEditors UlrichFörstner,Buchholz,Germany WimH.Rulkens,DepartmentofEnvironmentalTechnology,Wageningen TheNetherlands Theultimategoalofthisseriesistocontributetotheprotectionofourenvironment, which calls for both profound research and the ongoing development of solutions andmeasurementsbyexpertsinthefield.Accordingly,theseriespromotesnotonlya deeperunderstandingofenvironmentalprocessesandtheevaluationofmanagement strategies,butalsodesignandtechnologyaimedatimprovingenvironmentalquality. BooksfocusingontheformerarepublishedinthesubseriesEnvironmentalScience, thosefocusingonthelatterinthesubseriesEnvironmentalEngineering. · Sushma Dave Jayashankar Das Editors Trends and Contemporary Technologies for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes Editors SushmaDave JayashankarDas DepartmentofAppliedScience ValnizenHealthcare JodhpurInstituteofEngineering Mumbai,Maharashtra,India andTechnology Jodhpur,Rajasthan,India ISSN 1863-5520 ISSN 1863-5539 (electronic) EnvironmentalScienceandEngineering ISBN 978-3-031-08990-9 ISBN 978-3-031-08991-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08991-6 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents 1 Dyes and Pigments: Interventions and How Safe andSustainableAreColorsofLife!!! ............................ 1 SushmaDave, JayashankarDas, BhoomikaVarshney, andV.P.Sharma 2 RecentAdvancesinPhotocatalyticDegradationofDyesUsing HeterogeneousCatalysts ....................................... 21 BubulDas, HirendraNathDhara, AnjaliDahiya, andBhismaK.Patel 3 RecentDevelopmentsinPhotocatalyticTechniquesofDye DegradationinEffluents ....................................... 65 BarkhaTiwariandHuiJoonPark 4 RoleofDopedSemiconductorsintheCatalyticActivity ........... 101 AshishGaurav,AnantaPaul,andSushmaDave 5 Hybrid Treatment Technologies for Dye Degradation inWastewater ................................................ 135 SwatiSingh 6 AerogelNanomaterialsforDyeDegradation ..................... 151 SanjanaJacob,S.Kaviya,andK.Anand 7 Effective Materials in the Photocatalytic Treatment ofDyestuffsandStainedWastewater ............................ 173 RahulBhattacharjee, TamoghniMitra, PriyaMitra, SoumyaBiswas, SaikatGhosh, SohamChattopadhyay, SumiraMalik,andAbhijitDey 8 Optimizing Nanocatalyst’s and Technological Factors Influencing on Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic andInorganicPollutants ....................................... 201 SushmaDaveandPratikJagtap v vi Contents 9 Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their ApplicationinPhotocatalysis ................................... 213 SomaDas 10 Mechanistic Aspect of the Dye Degradation Using Photocatalysts ................................................ 247 SoumyaBiswas,SaikatGhosh,SuparnaMaji,SoumyadiptaDas, SubhrojeetSinghaRoy, RahulBhattacharjee, PriyaMitra, SumiraMalik,andAbhijitDey Chapter 1 Dyes and Pigments: Interventions and How Safe and Sustainable Are Colors of Life!!! Sushma Dave, Jayashankar Das, Bhoomika Varshney, and V. P. Sharma Abstract We are fond of varied colors and they are strongly bonded in our life. In most cases, even a child looks eagerly for colorful toys, bottles and with passage of time desire to have attractive textiles to psychological imprints for colorful life with individual perceptions. Thus, dyes and pigments are integral part of our civiliza- tion and documented since prehistoric days. They may be classified as natural and synthetic, application or solubility based with continual efforts to have best combi- nations. There is growing demand as well as concern over the adverse implication of synthetic colorants on both the consumer, environment, ecosystem and thus need for safe, nontoxic, sustainable coloring alternatives have increased multifold for varied applications in food additives, cosmetics, textiles, pharmaceuticals, packaging, auto- mobiles, defense sectors, etc. They may be amine, nitro, Sulfur based azodyes, or others with established reports on usage at levels above than the permissible regu- latory limits. The usage of bacterial and fungal biobased pigments is increasing gradually due to advantages over the synthetic pigments. They are preferred because of simple culturing, pigment extraction procedures, ease of scale-up, and economic viability in less time amidst few limitations. Liposome-dependent innovative path- ways may be potential to meet the demand of next generations and developing cost-effective, environment-friendly biobased products with economical feasibility in a time bound manner. For effective decision-making in terms of market share, it is necessary to address market intelligence, consider Covid-19 or similar impacts for assessing the market trends, forecast, and human behavior for comprehensive scientific mapping. The strict implementations of updated holistic, industry-driven standards with compliances to international norms are vital from safety and quality S. Dave Department of Applied Science, JIET Group of Institutions, Jodhpur, India J. Das Valnizen Healthcare, Vile Parle, Mumbai, India B B. Varshney · V. P. Sharma ( ) CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1 S. Dave and J. Das (eds.), Trends and Contemporary Technologies for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes, Environmental Science and Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08991-6_1 2 S.Daveetal. perspective. We must strategically solve environmental issues faced by the current markets as a challenge and safeguard the environment for future generations. · · · · · Keywords Colorants Dyes Innovative Pigments Regulatory Sustainability 1.1 Introduction The pleasure of seeing a rainbow is awesome and with knowledge we understand that it is a meteorological phenomenon which is result of reflection, refraction, and disper- sion of light in water droplets leading to a wonderful spectrum of light appearing in the sky. The multicolored circular arc is sufficient to create thrill with colors from nature to artificial colors of life. These are important as they impact our deci- sions during the purchase of an item and create attraction while purchase in market. Marketing icons and branding experts have taken advantage of our cognitive thinking for specific products (Masters 2005). Several colorants of natural or synthetic origin provide a shade or tint to items ranging from textiles to packaging materials and even camouflaging the material scientists have helped to formulate new colors through nanomaterials, designing, and tools of innovation. They affect on human health, environment, and even personality interpretation. The acceptability of consumable items is generally perceived by our senses for texture or taste. All synthetic dyes and pigments are chemically not stable and pose poor bioavailability. The acceptability of consumable items is generally perceived by our senses for texture or taste. All synthetic dyes and pigments are chemically not stable and pose poor bioavailability. Color plays an important role and it is dependent on age and individual perceptions for selection of food and clothes. Man has been using varied range of natural colorants originated from both animals and plants in different sectors like textiles, food (annatto curcumin, cochineal), painting, packaging, cosmetics (henna, catechu), pharmaceuticals (saffron, rhubarb), etc. In view of the increased popularity of eco-safety and health concerns, environmentally benign and nontoxic bio-resourced colorants are material of choice (Yusuf et al. 2017). In 1856, while attempting for synthesis of quinine in respect to treatment of malaria, accidentally the synthetic dyes, mauveine were prepared from aniline. This was discovered by William Henry Perkin and thereafter several new combinations of dyes were developed and used in different sectors like foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Synthetic dyes also known as coal-tar dyes because they were made from the byproducts of coal processing (Gürses et al. 2016a). Colorant is coloring materials and coloration matter and includes pigments and dyes but both are different from each other in chemical composition, function, and properties. Pigments alter the appearance and scattering of light and they are usually dispersed in substrates for applications. They retain particulate structure throughout the coloration process (Index 2017). Dyes are colored fluorescent substances imparting color to a substrate through absorbance of light. They are commonly soluble and its process of application 1 DyesandPigments:InterventionsandHowSafeandSustainable… 3 Table 1.1 Colorants of Basic dyes Acidic dyes natural origin. Some common dyes for staining Safranin Eosin Basic Fuchsin Acid Fuchsin Crystal violet Congo red Methylene blue destroys the crystal structure (Pachade 2020). Market demands of natural dyes are expected to increase by $5 billion by 2024 (Arizton 2019). Scientifically, synthetic colors are not always safe and regulatory requirements pose the necessity to assess the suitability. This necessitates monitoring using analyt- ical equipments, spectrophotometers, to ensure the safety, efficacy, compatibility, etc. of a colorant in food, beverages, plastics, photography, printing, ceramics, cosmetics, and other product ranges. Few antioxidants found in food, vegetables, fruits are colored with positive health effects and rendering protection from diseases like cancer. Colorants may be classified according to their structure, source, color, and solubility or application method. Two main categories are established according to solubility: dyes and pigments. The major types of dyes and pigments are mentioned in Table 1.1. 1.1.1 Ancient History of Uses of Dyes Mauviene dye was prepared from sea snail, Bolinus brandaris (Cova et al. 2017), and indigo blue Indigofera tinctoria (Adeyanju and State 2011). Dyes, e.g., picric acid, eosin, fuchsin, oil red, malachite are synthetic organic compounds that are hydro or oil-soluble and they may be found in cosmetics such as skin care products or toiletries. Pigments may be insoluble and they remain in particulate form, and they are mainly employed in toothpastes or decorative make-up. Since the prehistoric era color clothing was done using extracts of botanical sources-plants, trees, roots, seeds, nuts, fruit skins, berries, lichens, or from animal sources viz crushed insects, molluscs, etc. (Rivers and Revolution 2007). Pigments for paints were obtained from colored minerals (haematite which are mostly based on iron oxides) earth digging converting to fine powder and mixing into a crude binder Clay (Hradil et al. 2003). Charcoal from burned wood provided the early forerunners of carbon black pigments. The Egyptian Prussian blue color has chemically the structure of iron (III) hexacyanoferrate (II). In textiles and ceramics of India, the usage of mordant’s or fixing agents started to give metallic look of copper, tin, chromium, and others (Fox 1999). The pigments may be incorporated through dispersion process into products viz paints, printing inks, and plastics (Pct et al.). Plant pigments viz chlorophyll is the dominant natural green pigment and depict significant role in photosynthesis in plants, and thus vital to our civilization. Generally, synthetic dyes are manufac- tured from organic moieties (Montero 2015). Prior to discovery of synthetic dyes