Travel and Translation in the Early Modern Period APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION STUDIES Founded by James S. Holmes Edited by Henri Bloemen Dirk Delabastita Ton Naaijkens Volume 26 Travel and Translation in the Early Modern Period Edited by Carmine G. Di Biase Amsterdam - New York, NY 2006 Cover design: Studio Pollmann The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of “ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents - Requirements for permanence”. ISBN: 90-420-1768-6 ©Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam – New York, NY 2006 Printed in The Netherlands alla memoria di Luigi Monga (1941-2004) This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction: The Example of the Early Modern Lexicographer Carmine G. Di Biase 9 Section 1: Towards the Vernacular 1.1. “If there is a hell, then Rome stands upon it”: Martin Luther as Traveler and Translator Russel Lemmons 33 1.2. Fertile Ground: Erasmus’s Travels in England Erika Rummel 45 1.3. Across the Alps–an English Poet Addresses an Italian in Latin: John Milton in Naples Stella P. Revard 53 1.4. Milton Translating Petrarch: Paradise Lost VIII and the Secretum Anthony M. Cinquemani 65 Section 2: The English in Italy and Spain 2.1. Writing and Lying: William Thomas and the Politics of Translation Joseph Khoury 91 2.2. John Frampton of Bristol, Trader and Translator Donald Beecher 103 2.3. Thomas Hoby, Translator, Traveler Kenneth R. Bartlett 123 2.4. “A poore preasant off Ytalyan costume”: The Interplay of Travel and Translation in William Barker’s Dyssputacion off the Nobylytye off Wymen Brenda M. Hosington 143 Section 3: The European as Other and the Other in Europe 3.1. The Pilgrimage of Konrad Grünemberg to the Holy Land in 1486 Kristiaan Aercke 159 3.2. Leo Africanus and the Limits of Translation Oumelbanine Zhiri 175 3.3. From Incan Realm to the Italian Renaissance: Garcilaso el Inca and his Translation of Leone Ebreo’s Dialoghi d’Amore James Nelson Novoa 187 3.4. The Translator Translated: Inca Garcilaso and English Imperial Expansion María Antonia Garcés 203 Section 4: Towards Art and Parody 4.1. Early Anglo-American Attitudes to Native American Languages Randall C. Davis 229 4.2. “Where the devil should he learn our language?”–Travel and Translation in Shakespeare’s The Tempest Jack D’Amico 239 4.3. Tamburlaine: the Migration and Translation of Marlowe’s Arabic Sources Howard Miller 255 4.4. Travel and Pseudo-Translation in the Self-Promotional Writings of John Taylor, Water Poet Joanne E. Gates 267 Index 281 Introduction: The Example of the Early Modern Lexicographer Carmine G. Di Biase This collection of essays explores the various relationships between travel and translation during the early modern period, when both activities flourished. The many facets of this relationship are at times obvious, at other times elusive; its manifestations can be seen in the works of Martin Luther and Erasmus, of Petrarch and Shakespeare, and of lesser known writers such as Leo Africanus and Garcilaso de la Vega, who are among the subjects of these essays. It seems to me, however, and perhaps James Joyce would have agreed, that all of these writers have at least one thing in common: they were exiles. Such too were the early makers of bilingual dictionaries, who found themselves between worlds. In the lives and works of these lexicographers, in particular Michelangelo Florio and his illustrious son John, one can see that the act of translation is essentially like that of travel: both involve a certain moment of failure, and that moment, in both cases, leads directly to the creation of something new. In short, linguistic translation and its strange results may serve as an observable, illustrative instance of how travel generates culture. Keywords: bilingual lexicographers, exile, Florio, identity, translation, travel. What exactly is the relationship between travel and translation? Some answers suggest themselves readily. The traveler must translate in order to make sense of foreign places and foreign people. On the other hand, a knowledge of languages other than one’s own might make one want to travel in order to put those languages to use in their native settings. And if what is meant by translation is the relocation of a message from one language to another, then is not all travel–the relocation of a person from one place to another–also a kind of translation? When such obvious answers left a group of scholars unsatisfied, they decided to look deeper into the matter. To study the relationship between these two human compulsions, however, is to enter into territory that is only now beginning to be charted. Michael Cronin has studied this relationship as it pertains to the work of modern and contemporary writers; a few other scholars, such as Loredana Polezzi and Mirella Agorni, have carried out more specialized studies. But the early modern period, during which both travel and translation enjoyed a spectacular flourishing, has not, until the appearance of this book, attracted an extended study. The goal of this book, then, is to examine how this relationship manifests itself in the works of early modern writers and thereby to continue closing the gap between the study of translation and the study of travel, or hodoeporics, the term coined recently by the late Luigi Monga (1996: 5), to whom this book is dedicated. True to the spirit of the form, the essays contained herein are investigations, experiments in inductive reasoning. They do not pretend to be conclusive, only to begin a dialogue that one hopes will continue for years to come. Nor do they pretend to be comprehensive in their coverage; the emphasis, with several exceptions, is on