Tratamiento de la patología cardiovascular Complemento de Braunwald. Tratado de cardiología Complementos de Braunwald. Tratado de cardiología HENRY R. BLACK Y WILLIAM J. ELLIOT Hipertensión MARC A. CREAGER, JOSHUA A. BECKMAN Y JOSEPH LOSCALZO Medicina vascular Tratamiento de la patología cardiovascular Complemento de Braunwald. Tratado de cardiología CUARTA EDICIÓN Elliott M. Antman, MD Professor of Medicine Associate Dean for Clinical/Translational Research Harvard Medical School Senior Investigator, TIMI Study Group Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Marc S. Sabatine, MD, MPH Chairman, TIMI Study Group Brigham and Women's Hospital Associate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Editores de sección James de Lemos, MD John P. DiMarco, MD, PhD Michael M. Givertz, MD Suzanne Oparil, MD Frank M. Sacks, MD Benjamin M. Scirica, MD, MPH Piotr Sobieszczyk, MD Copyright Edición en español de la cuarta edición de la obra original en inglés Cardiovascular Therapeutics: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease Copyright © 2013 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Revisión científica Luis Rodríguez Padial Jefe del Servicio de Cardiología Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L. Travessera de Gràcia, 17-21. 08021 Barcelona, España Fotocopiar es un delito (Art. 270 C.P.) Para que existan libros es necesario el trabajo de un importante colectivo (autores, traductores, dibujantes, correctores, impresores, editores...). El principal beneficiario de ese esfuerzo es el lector que aprovecha su contenido. Quien fotocopia un libro, en las circunstancias previstas por la ley, delinque y contribuye a la «no» existencia de nuevas ediciones. Además, a corto plazo, encarece el precio de las ya existentes. Este libro está legalmente protegido por los derechos de propiedad intelectual. Cualquier uso fuera de los límites establecidos por la legislación vigente, sin el consentimiento del editor, es ilegal. Esto se aplica en particular a la reproducción, fotocopia, traducción, grabación o cualquier otro sistema de recuperación y almacenaje de información. ISBN edición original: 978-1-4557-0101-8 ISBN edición española impresa: 978-84-9022-439-7 ISBN edición española electrónica: 978-84-9022-460-1 Depósito legal edición impresa: B. 27388-2013 Depósito legal edición electrónica: B. 27387-2013 Servicios editoriales: Gea Consultoría Editorial, s.l. Advertencia La medicina es un área en constante evolución. Aunque deben seguirse unas precauciones de seguridad estándar, a medida que aumenten nuestros conocimientos gracias a la investigación básica y clínica habrá que introducir cambios en los tratamientos y en los fármacos. En consecuencia, se recomienda a los lectores que analicen los últimos datos aportados por los fabricantes sobre cada fármaco para comprobar las dosis recomendadas, la vía y duración de la administración y las contraindicaciones. Es responsabilidad ineludible del médico determinar las dosis y el tratamiento más indicados para cada paciente, en función de su experiencia y del conocimiento de cada caso concreto. Ni los editores ni los directores asumen responsabilidad alguna por los daños que pudieran generarse a personas o propiedades como consecuencia del contenido de esta obra. El editor A la doctora Karen Antman, a los doctores Amy y Jeffrey Gelfand, y a los doctores David y Alicia Antman. A Adam, Ethan y Ryan, a la doctora Jennifer Tseng, a Matteo y a Natalie. COLABORADORES William T. Abraham, MD Edmund A. Bermudez, MD Associate Director, Cardiac Transplantation, Cardiovascular Institute, Consultant, Florida Cardiac Consultants, Sarasota, Florida University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Momento óptimo de una intervención quirúrgica Dispositivos implantables para el tratamiento o mecánica en la cardiopatía valvular nativa de la insuficiencia cardíaca David A. Calhoun, MD Maria Czarina Acelajado, MD Medical Director, Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Clinical Associate Professor, Section of Hypertension, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Department of Medicine, University of The Philippines, Hipertensión resistente Philippine General Hospital, Manila, The Philippines Hipertensión resistente Robert M. Califf, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Director, Dominick J. Angiolillo, MD, PhD Duke University Translational Medicine Institute; Associate Professor of Medicine, Director of Cardiovascular Vice Chancellor for Clinical Research, Duke University; Research, Director, Center for Thrombosis Research, Editor-in-Chief, American Heart Journal, Raleigh, North Carolina University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida Evaluación de pruebas y tratamientos cardiovasculares Modalidades farmacológicas para el tratamiento de la cardiopatía isquémica David J. Callans, MD Associate Director of Electrophysiology, University of Pennsylvania Elad Anter, MD Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Tratamiento no farmacológico de las taquiarritmias Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Instructor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Niteesh K. Choudhry, MD, PhD Tratamiento no farmacológico de las taquiarritmias Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Elliott M. Antman, MD Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Professor of Medicine, Associate Dean for Clinical/ Boston, Massachusetts Translational Research, Harvard Medical School; Evaluación de pruebas y tratamientos cardiovasculares Senior Investigator, TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Janice Y. Chyou, MD Evaluación de pruebas y tratamientos cardiovasculares Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Farmacogenética Piero Anversa, MD Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Jay N. Cohn, MD Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Tratamiento regenerador de la insuficiencia cardíaca Tratamiento farmacológico de la insuficiencia cardíaca en el entorno ambulatorio Steven R. Bailey, MD Chief, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Wilson S. Colucci, MD Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas Cardiovascular Section, Boston University Medical Center, Tratamiento percutáneo de la cardiopatía valvular Boston, Massachusetts Estrategias para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca Suzanne J. Baron, MD aguda descompensada Interventional Cardiology Fellow, Massachusetts General Hospital, Michael H. Davidson, MD Boston, Massachusetts Clinical Professor of Medicine, Director of Preventive Cardiology, The Avances en la revascularización coronaria University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Tratamiento de pacientes con colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta Eric R. Bates, MD densidad bajo y triglicéridos elevados Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan James de Lemos, MD Infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST Professor of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University of Texas, Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Brigitte M. Baumann, MD, MSCE Head, Division of Clinical Research, G. William Dec, Jr., MD Department of Emergency Medicine, Chief, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Roman DeSanctis Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Camden, New Jersey Boston, Massachusetts Crisis hipertensivas Miocardiopatías hipertróficas, restrictivas e infiltrantes viii John P. DiMarco, MD, PhD Thomas A. Gaziano, MD, MSc Professor of Medicine, Director, Heart Rhythm Center, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School; Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia Health System, Physician, Cardiovascular Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Tratamiento farmacológico de las taquicardias supraventriculares Tratamiento cardiovascular global Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, MD Robert P. Giugliano, MD, SM Kontos Professor of Cardiology, Chairman, Division of Cardiology, Senior Investigator, TIMI Study Group; Associate Physician, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Importancia de los desfibriladores-cardioversores implantables en la Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, prevención primaria y secundaria de la muerte cardíaca súbita Boston, Massachusetts Síndromes coronarios agudos sin elevación del segmento ST Rodney H. Falk, MD Director, HVMA Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Brigham and Michael M. Givertz, MD Women's Hospital; Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Medical Director, Heart Transplant and Circulatory Assist Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Brigham and Women's Hospital; Associate Professor of Medicine, Fibrilación auricular Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Tratamiento farmacológico de la insuficiencia cardíaca Bonita E. Falkner, MD en el entorno ambulatorio Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, Estrategias para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania cardíaca aguda descompensada Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial en niños y adolescentes Samuel Z. Goldhaber, MD Andrew Farb, MD Director, Venous Thromboembolism Research Group; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Desarrollo de dispositivos utilizados en terapéutica cardiovascular: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts conceptos e implicaciones reguladoras Embolia pulmonar y trombosis venosa profunda John D. Ferguson, MB ChB, MD Bruce R. Gordon, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Professor of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Weill Medical College University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia of Cornell University; Chief Operating Officer and Co-Director, Tratamiento farmacológico de las taquicardias supraventriculares Comprehensive Lipid Control Center, The Rogosin Institute; Attending Physician, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Joseph T. Flynn, MD New York, New York Dr. Robert O. Hickman Endowed Chair in Pediatric Nephrology, Otras medidas para la hipercolesterolemia intensa Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Christopher B. Granger, MD Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial en niños y adolescentes Rosenthal Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York Lisa W. Forbess, MD Sistemas de asistencia sanitaria Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Robert A. Harrington, MD Opciones farmacológicas para el tratamiento de las enfermedades Arthur L. Bloomfield Professor of Medicine, Chair, cardiovasculares durante el embarazo Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California Desarrollo de un nuevo fármaco Keith A.A. Fox, MB ChB Professor of Cardiology, Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Jennifer E. Ho, MD University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Cardiology Research Fellow, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiopatía isquémica estable/angina crónica estable Boston, Massachusetts Manifestaciones, patogenia y tratamiento William H. Frishman, MD, MACP de las enfermedades cardiovasculares asociadas al VIH Rosenthal Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Professor of Pharmacology, New York Brian D. Hoit, MD Medical College; Director, Department of Medicine, Professor of Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York Case Western Reserve University; Director of Echocardiography, Modalidades farmacológicas para el tratamiento University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio de la cardiopatía isquémica Tratamiento de la enfermedad pericárdica Victor F. Froelicher, MD Priscilla Y. Hsue, MD Professor of Medicine, Stanford University; Associate Professor of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, Staff Cardiologist, Palo Alto VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California Palo Alto, California Manifestaciones, patogenia y tratamiento de las enfermedades Rehabilitación del paciente con enfermedades cardiovasculares asociadas al VIH cardiovasculares Lisa Cooper Hudgins, MD William H. Gaasch, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics in Medicine and Pediatrics, Senior Consultant in Cardiology, Lahey Clinic; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Pediatric Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Program Director, Comprehensive Lipid Control Center, School, Burlington, Massachusetts The Rogosin Institute; Associate Attending Physician, Momento óptimo de una intervención quirúrgica New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York o mecánica en la cardiopatía valvular nativa Otras medidas para la hipercolesterolemia intensa ix Eric M. Isselbacher, MD Annarosa Leri, MD Co-Director, Thoracic Aortic Center, Associate Director, Heart Center, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Massachusetts General Hospital; Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts School, Boston, Massachusetts Enfermedad aórtica Tratamiento regenerador de la insuficiencia cardíaca Michael R. Jaff, DO J. Michael Mangrum, MD C Harvard Business School; Medical Director, Vascular Center, Associate Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, o Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia l a Estenosis de la arteria renal Tratamiento farmacológico de las taquicardias supraventriculares b o Jan Kajstura, PhD Jaimie Manlucu, MD r a Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada d Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical Dispositivos implantables para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia o School, Boston, Massachusetts cardíaca r e Tratamiento regenerador de la insuficiencia cardíaca s Giuseppe J. Martucci, MD S. Ananth Karumanchi, MD Director, McGill Adult Unit for Congenital Heart Disease Excellence Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine and (MAUDE), McGill University Health Centre and Sir Mortimer Center for Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Hipertensión arterial en el embarazo Tratamiento de los adultos con cardiopatía congénita David F. Kong, AM, DMT Michael A. Mathier, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Co-Director, Cardiovascular Late Phase 3/Devices, Duke Clinical Trasplante cardíaco y dispositivos de soporte circulatorio Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Laura Mauri, MD Desarrollo de un nuevo fármaco Associate Professor of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Daniel B. Kramer, MD Avances en la revascularización coronaria Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Instructor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Kathy McManus, MS, RD Apéndice: Dispositivos cardiovasculares Director of Nutrition, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Marc Z. Krichavsky, MD Enfermedades cardiovasculares y modificación del estilo de vida Cardiac Specialists, Danbury, Connecticut Enfermedad arterial periférica Jessica L. Mega, MD, MPH Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Marie Krousel-Wood, MD, MSPH Farmacogenética Professor of Clinical Epidemiology and of Clinical Family and Community Medicine, Tulane University Stephanie Mick, MD Health Sciences; Director, Center for Health Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Oschner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Evaluación inicial y abordaje al paciente con hipertensión arterial Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Frederick G. Kushne, MD Avances en la revascularización coronaria Clinical Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Lousiana Mary Mullen, MD, PhD Infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST Director, Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Boston Adult Congenital Heart (BACH) Group, Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Neal Lakdawala, MD, MSc Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Instructor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Tratamiento de los adultos con cardiopatía congénita Associate Physician, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; VA Boston Healthcare System, Jonathan N. Myers, PhD Boston, Massachusetts Clinical Professor, Department of Cardiology, VA Palo Alto Health Miocardiopatías hipertróficas, restrictivas e infiltrantes Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California Rehabilitación del paciente con enfermedades cardiovasculares Michael J. Landzberg, MD Director, Boston Adult Congenital Heart (BACH) and David E. Newby, PhD, BM DM Pulmonary Hypertension Group, Children's Hospital Boston, Professor of Cardiology, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Boston, Massachusetts Cardiopatía isquémica estable/angina crónica estable Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar Tratamiento de los adultos con cardiopatía congénita Graham Nichol, MD, MPH Medic One Foundation Endowed Chair in Prehospital Emergency David C. Lange, MD Care, Director, University of Washington-Harborview Center for Chief Medical Resident, San Francisco VA Medical Center, Prehospital Emergency Care; Medical Director, Resuscitation University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California Outcome Consortium Clinical Trial Center; Professor of Medicine, Manifestaciones, patogenia y tratamiento de las enfermedades University of Washington-Seattle, Seattle, Washington cardiovasculares asociadas al VIH Sistemas de asistencia sanitaria x Suzanne Oparil, MD Marc S. Sabatine, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Chairman, TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Director, Vascular Biology & Hypertension Program; Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Farmacogenética Evaluación inicial y abordaje al paciente con hipertensión arterial Frank M. Sacks, MD Alexander R. Opotowsky, MD, MPH Professor of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Boston Adult Congenital Heart (BACH) and Pulmonary Hypertension Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health; Department of Group, Children's Hospital Boston, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Medicine, Cardiovascular Division and Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar Boston, Massachusetts Enfermedades cardiovasculares y modificación del estilo de vida Neha J. Pagidipati, MD Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Joseph J. Saseen, PharmD Boston, Massachusetts Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Family Medicine, Tratamiento cardiovascular global University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences John D. Parker, MD and School of Medicine; Professor of Family Medicine, Program Medical Director, Heart & Circulation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado University Health Network; Professor, University of Toronto, Tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial Toronto, Ontario, Canada Modalidades farmacológicas para el tratamiento Frederick J. Schoen, MD, PhD de la cardiopatía isquémica Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Professor of Pathology and Health Sciences Joseph E. Parrillo, MD and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Professor of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Desarrollo de dispositivos utilizados en terapéutica cardiovascular: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; conceptos e implicaciones reguladoras Chief, Department of Medicine, Edward D. Viner MD Chair, Director, Cooper Heart Institute, Cooper University Hospital, John S. Schroeder, MD Camden, New Jersey Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tratamiento de la taquicardia ventricular y de la parada cardíaca Stanford University, Stanford, California Modalidades farmacológicas para el tratamiento Matthias Peltz, MD de la cardiopatía isquémica Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Benjamin M. Scirica, MD, MPH Dallas, Texas Investigator, TIMI Study Group; Associate Physician, Cardiovascular Cirugía de las cardiopatías valvulares Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Todd S. Perlstein, MD Modalidades farmacológicas para el tratamiento Associate Physician, Cardiovascular Division, de la cardiopatía isquémica Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Enfermedad arterial periférica Eric A. Secemsky, MD Cardiovascular Fellow, Massachusetts General Hospital, Gail E. Peterson, MD Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Manifestaciones, patogenia y tratamiento de las enfermedades Dallas, Texas cardiovasculares asociadas al VIH Prevención y tratamiento de la endocarditis infecciosa Ellen W. Seely, MD Gregory Piazza, MD Director of Clinical Research, Endocrinology, Diabetes, Staff Cardiologist, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, and Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Embolia pulmonar y trombosis venosa profunda Boston, Massachusetts Hipertensión arterial en el embarazo Sharon C. Reimold, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Prem S. Shekar, MD University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Dallas, Texas Avances en la revascularización coronaria Opciones farmacológicas para el tratamiento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares durante el embarazo Michael A. Shullo, PharmD University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Klaus Romero, MD Trasplante cardíaco y dispositivos de soporte circulatorio Director of Clinical Research, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizona Piotr Sobieszczyk, MD Farmacología clínica de los antiarrítmicos Cardiovascular Division, Vascular Medicine Section, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Andrea M. Russo, MD Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Professor of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Enfermedad cerebrovascular University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Director, Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia Services, Amy B. Stancoven, MD Director, Clinical Electrophysiology Fellowship, Assistant Instructor, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Tratamiento de la taquicardia ventricular y de la parada cardíaca Prevención y tratamiento de la endocarditis infecciosa