TransportationandPowerGridinSmartCities Transportation and Power Grid in Smart Cities CommunicationNetworksandServices EditedBy HusseinT.MouftahandMelikeErol-Kantarci UniversityofOttawa Ottawa,Canada MubashirHusainRehmani COMSATSInstituteofInformationTechnology WahCantt,Pakistan Thiseditionfirstpublished2019 ©2019JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailable athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofHusseinT.Mouftah,MelikeErol-KantarciandMubashirHusainRehmanitobeidentifiedasthe authorsoftheeditorialmaterialinthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Mouftah,HusseinT.,editor.|Erol-Kantarci,Melike,editor.| Rehmani,MubashirHusain,1983-editor. Title:Transportationandpowergridinsmartcities:communicationnetworks andservices/editedbyHusseinT.Mouftah,MelikeErol-Kantarci, MubashirHusainRehmani. Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Son,2019.|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex.|DescriptionbasedonprintversionrecordandCIP dataprovidedbypublisher;resourcenotviewed. Identifiers:LCCN2018012509(print)|LCCN2018028974(ebook)|ISBN 9781119360094(pdf)|ISBN9781119360117(epub)|ISBN9781119360087 (cloth:alk.paper) Subjects:LCSH:Smartpowergrids–Communicationsystems.|Urban transportation. Classification:LCCTK3105(ebook)|LCCTK3105.T732018(print)|DDC 388.3/12–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018012509 Coverimage:©chinaface/iStockphoto;©oonal/iStockphoto;©ansonmiao/iStockphoto CoverdesignbyWiley Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents ListofContributors xxi Preface xxvii SECTIONI CommunicationTechnologiesforSmartCities 1 1 Energy-HarvestingCognitiveRadiosinSmartCities 3 MustafaOzger,OktayCetinkayaandOzgurB.Akan 1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.1 CognitiveRadio 5 1.1.2 CognitiveRadioSensorNetworks 5 1.1.3 EnergyHarvestingandEnergy-HarvestingSensorNetworks 6 1.2 MotivationsforUsingEnergy-HarvestingCognitiveRadiosinSmart Cities 6 1.2.1 MotivationsforSpectrum-AwareCommunications 7 1.2.2 MotivationsforSelf-SustainingCommunications 7 1.3 ChallengesPosedbyEnergy-HarvestingCognitiveRadiosinSmartCities 8 1.4 Energy-HarvestingCognitiveInternetofThings 9 1.4.1 Definition 9 1.4.2 Energy-HarvestingMethodsinIoT 10 1.4.3 SystemArchitecture 12 1.4.4 IntegrationofEnergy-HarvestingCognitiveRadioswiththeInternet 13 1.5 AGeneralFrameworkforEH-CRsintheSmartCity 14 1.5.1 OperationOverview 14 1.5.2 NodeArchitecture 15 1.5.3 NetworkArchitecture 16 1.5.4 ApplicationAreas 17 1.6 Conclusion 18 References 18 2 LTE-D2DCommunicationforPowerDistributionGrid:Resource AllocationforTime-CriticalApplications 21 LeonardoD.Oliveira,TaufikAbraoandEkramHossain 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 CommunicationTechnologiesforPowerDistributionGrid 22 vi Contents 2.2.1 AnOverviewofSmartGridArchitecture 22 2.2.2 CommunicationTechnologiesforSGApplicationsOutsideSubstations 24 2.2.3 CommunicationNetworksforSG 26 2.3 OverviewofCommunicationProtocolsUsedinPowerDistribution Networks 27 2.3.1 Modbus 27 2.3.2 IEC60870 29 2.3.3 DNP3 31 2.3.4 IEC61850 32 2.3.5 SCADAProtocolsforSmartGrid:ExistingState-of-the-Art 35 2.4 PowerDistributionSystem:DistributedAutomationApplicationsand Requirements 36 2.4.1 DistributedAutomationApplications 36 2.4.1.1 Voltage/VarControl(VVC) 37 2.4.1.2 FaultDetection,Isolation,andRestoration(FDCIR) 38 2.4.2 RequirementsforDistributedAutomationApplications 39 2.5 AnalysisofDataFlowinPowerDistributionGrid 40 2.5.1 ModelforPowerDistributionGrid 40 2.5.2 IEC61850TrafficModel 42 2.5.2.1 CyclicDataFlow 42 2.5.2.2 StochasticDataFlow 45 2.5.2.3 BurstDataFlow 46 2.6 LTE-D2DforDA:ResourceAllocationforTime-CriticalApplications 47 2.6.1 OverviewofLTE 47 2.6.2 IEC61850ProtocolsoverLTE 48 2.6.2.1 MappingMMSoverLTE 49 2.6.2.2 MappingGOOSEoverLTE 50 2.6.3 ResourceAllocationinuplinkLTE-D2DforDAApplications 50 2.6.3.1 ProblemFormulation 51 2.6.3.2 SchedulerDesign 54 2.6.3.3 NumericalEvaluation 55 2.7 Conclusion 60 References 61 3 5GandCellularNetworksintheSmartGrid 69 JimmyJessenNielsen,LjupcoJorguseski,HaibinZhang,HervéGanem,ZimingZhu andPetarPopovski 3.1 Introduction 69 3.1.1 MassiveMTC 70 3.1.2 Mission-CriticalMTC 70 3.1.3 SecureMission-CriticalMTC 71 3.2 FromPowerGridtoSmartGrid 71 3.3 SmartGridCommunicationRequirements 74 3.3.1 TrafficModelsandRequirements 74 3.4 UnlicensedSpectrumandNon-3GPPTechnologiesfortheSupportofSmart Grid 76 3.4.1 IEEE802.11ah 76 Contents vii 3.4.2 Sigfox’sUltra-NarrowBand(UNB)Approach 79 3.4.3 LoRaTMChirpSpreadSpectrumApproach 80 3.5 Cellularand3GPPTechnologiesfortheSupportofSmartGrid 82 3.5.1 Limitsof3GPPTechnologiesuptoRelease11 82 3.5.2 RecentEnhancementsof3GPPTechnologiesforIoTApplications(Releases 12–13) 83 3.5.2.1 LTECat-0andCat-M1devices 84 3.5.2.2 Narrow-BandInternetofThings(NB-IoT)andCat-NB1Devices 85 3.5.3 PerformanceofCellularLTESystemsforSmartGrids 86 3.5.4 LTEAccessReservationProtocolLimitations 87 3.5.4.1 LTEAccessProcedure 87 3.5.4.2 ConnectionEstablishment 90 3.5.4.3 NumericalEvaluationofLTERandomAccessBottlenecks 91 3.5.5 WhatCanWeExpectfrom5G? 93 3.6 End-to-EndSecurityinSmartGridCommunications 94 3.6.1 NetworkAccessSecurity 95 3.6.2 TransportLevelSecurity 96 3.6.3 ApplicationLevelSecurity 96 3.6.4 End-to-EndSecurity 96 3.6.5 AccessControl 97 3.7 ConclusionsandSummary 99 References 100 4 Machine-to-MachineCommunicationsintheSmartCity—aSmart GridPerspective 103 RavilBikmetov,M.YasinAkhtarRajaandKhurramKazi 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 ArchitectureandCharacteristicsofSmartGridsforSmartCities 105 4.2.1 DefinitionofaSmartGridandItsConceptualModel 106 4.2.2 StandardizationApproachinSmartGrids 112 4.2.3 SmartGridInteroperabilityReferenceModel(SGIRM) 113 4.2.4 SmartGridArchitectureModel 114 4.2.5 EnergySourcesintheSmartGrid 115 4.2.6 EnergyConsumersinaSmartGrid 117 4.2.7 EnergyServiceProvidersintheSmartGrid 119 4.3 IntelligentMachine-to-MachineCommunicationsinSmartGrids 120 4.3.1 ReferenceArchitectureofMachine-to-MachineInteractions 120 4.3.2 CommunicationMediaandProtocols 121 4.3.3 LayeredStructureofMachine-to-MachineCommunications 126 4.4 OptimizationAlgorithmsforEnergyProduction,Distribution,and Consumption 132 4.5 MachineLearningTechniquesinEfficientEnergyServicesand Management 134 4.6 FuturePerspectives 135 4.7 Appendix 136 References 138 viii Contents 5 5GandD2DCommunicationsattheServiceofSmartCities 147 MuhammadUsman,MuhammadRizwanAsgharandFabrizioGranelli 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 LiteratureReview 150 5.3 SmartCityScenarios 153 5.3.1 PublicHealth 154 5.3.2 TransportationandEnvironment 155 5.3.3 EnergyEfficiency 157 5.3.4 SmartGrid 157 5.3.5 WaterManagement 158 5.3.6 DisasterResponseandEmergencyServices 159 5.3.7 PublicSafetyandSecurity 159 5.4 Discussion 160 5.4.1 MultipleRadioAccessTechnologies(Multi-RAT) 160 5.4.2 Virtualization 160 5.4.3 Distributed/EdgeComputing 161 5.4.4 D2DCommunication 161 5.4.5 BigData 162 5.4.6 SecurityandPrivacy 163 5.5 Conclusion 163 References 163 SECTIONII EmergingCommunicationNetworksforSmart Cities 171 6 SoftwareDefinedNetworkingandVirtualizationforSmartGrid 173 HakkiC.Cankaya 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 CurrentStatusofPowerGridandSmartGridModernization 174 6.2.1 SmartGrid 174 6.3 NetworkSoftwarerizationinSmartGrids 177 6.3.1 SoftwareDefinedNetworking(SDN)asNext-GenerationSoftware-Centric ApproachtoTelecommunicationsNetworks 177 6.3.2 AdaptationofSDNforSmartGridandCity 179 6.3.3 OpportunitiesforSDNinSmartGrid 179 6.4 VirtualizationforNetworksandFunctions 183 6.4.1 NetworkVirtualization 183 6.4.2 NetworkFunctionVirtualization 184 6.5 UseCasesofSDN/NFVintheSmartGrid 185 6.6 ChallengesandIssueswithSDN/NFV-BasedSmartGrid 187 6.7 Conclusion 187 References 188 7 GHetNet:AFrameworkValidatingGreenMobileFemtocellsin Smart-Grids 191 FadiAl-Turjman 7.1 Introduction 191