. ,,SA Contracti' Report 165850 11'ýport No. VL)T-FAR-CT-8Z-T0 S,">.AA i0 u; S'0/3!D35" *. T -ansport Aircraft Accident Dynamics Reproduced From S-r4tB est Available Copy A. Cominsky DTIC APR 131984 "McDonnell Douglas Corporation ')oit.las Aircraft Company 2 Long, Beach, California 90846 CONTRACT NASI-16111 DOY LIr(cid:127),Ry : MARCH 1982 .AS1 0IAN DTEECPH(cid:127),.O R'NE7 PORT4 tVPE, :SrW CTON, Dc 20.591 rl'W onil Aeronautics and DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION "C"I ice Administration Federal Aviation Administration "Lf"n';!oyR oserch Coutor Federal Aviation Technical Center •Hampton.Viraina 23665 Atlantic City, New Jersey 08405 84 04,-. NASA Contractor Report FAA Report No. Dbr-MA -C7 ,-70 TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT. ACCIDENT DYNAMICS I A. COMINSKY, et al Douglas Aircraft Company McDonnell Douglas Corporation Long Beach, California 90846 I *1 CONTRACT NASI-16111 March 1982 m Natioaal Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center, l Hampton, Virginia 23665 AC804 827-3966 r PREFACE "This report was prepared by the Douglas Aircraft Company, McDonnell Doulqas Corporation, Lonq Beach, California, under Contract NAS1-16111. It is the final technical report covering the review of survivable transport aircraft accidents, the association between structural systems and accident injuries and the identification of typical scenarios. This report also includes a review of the five volumes of the "Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide", an overview of crash testing techniques and' test recommendations, an overview and recomm.endations for analytical techniquer and advanced material usage. This * work was conducted between February 11, 1980 and May 26, 1981. V The following Oouglas personnel were the principal contributors to the study: J E. Albano Crash Analysis and Test A. Cominsky Principal Investigator J. Gaume Human Factors H. Leve Crash Analysis M. Platte Systems Analysis H. Toellner Advanced Materials R. Reibold Testing The project was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Langley Research Center. Dr. Robert G. Thompson was the project englneer for NASA. DTIF" T' N J A.. ... . t . .. . . - TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE List of References xlii (cid:127) ~~1.0 Introduction .... .- . . . . .. . . ... S~2.0 Su mmary ... ...... . . .. . . . . . ... 2-1 3.0 Conclusions and Recomnmendations ................ 3-1 4.0 Accident Data Base ...................... 4-1 5.0 Characteristics of Accident Scenario Candidates ........ 5-1 P! 6.0 Generalized Impact Scenarios . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6.1 Generalized Landing Mode Accident Scenario 6.2 Generalized Rejected Takeoff Mode Accident Scenario 7.0 Assessment of Advanced Materials ........... 7-1 7.1 Survey of Advanced Materials and Proces~se 7.2 Aluminum Alloys 7.3 Metal Matrix Materials 7.4 Advanced Composites .75 New Processes 7.6 Test Recommendations for Advanced Composites A 8.0 Evaluation of the "Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide" . . . 8-1 Conclusions 9.0 human Tolerance to Impact . c..... 9-1 10.0 Merit Functions ........................ 10-1 11.0 Analytical Methods ................... . . . 11-1 11.1 Analytical Requirements 11.2 Review of Existing Analysis Programs 11-3 Analysis Recommendations 12.0 Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 . . 12-1 12.1 Review of Past Test Programs 12.2 Recommendations for Future lests ".-4 A v * lA BLE OF CONTENTS (Cont) SECTION PAGE APPENDIX A Accident Data Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... A-i APPENDIX B Scenario Candidates Accident Characteristics . . . ... . B-i APPEND!X C DC-7 Impact Test ................... . C-i SAPPENDIX D Test Program .. . .. ... . . . . ... D-1 APPENDIX E Review of the "Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide" . . E-1 APPENDIX!F Human Tolerance to Impact . . . . . . . . . . ... . F-i t- Vi / ILLUSTRATIONS NO. TITLE PAGE D-1 Landing Gear/Wing Drop Test D-3 D-2 Fuselage, Static Crush Test D-5 "D-3 Fuselage Drop Test D-5 D-4 Fuselage Break Test D-5 D-5 Data Acquisition Set-Up for Impact Tests 0-10 D-6 Functional Diagram - Load and Motion Control D-12 , D-7 Functional Diagram - Data Acquisition D-13 " E-1 Typical Seat Pan, Dummy Chest and Pelvis Response E-9 "E-2 Method of Reinforcing Nose Structure E-12 E-3 Overall Fuselage Concepts E-14 E-4 Fuselage Sidewall Concepts E-15 E-5 Energy Absorption Concepts E-16 E-6 Examples of Engergy Absorption Devices E-17 E-7 Stress-Strain Relationship E-18 E-8 Energy Absorption Concepts - Beams E-20 E-9 Aircraft Troop/Passenger Restraint Systems E-22 E-1O Aircraft Floor Longitudinal Pulses E-25 E-11 Seat Forward Load and Deflection Requirements E-27 E-12 Load-Displacement Requi rements for Cargo E-28 E-13 Requirements for Dynamic Tests E-29 F-1 Experimental Verfication of Dynamic Index F-4 F-2 Wayne State Tolerance Curve for Forehead Impact F-7 F-3 Acceleration Limit (+GxL) F-11 F-4 Superposition of-Shock Spectra and Human Tolerance,- F-13 F-S Impact G Tolerance as a Function of Age F-1S Ivii i vii (cid:127) - .A -J-(cid:127). F -.- -J-. (cid:127), .(cid:127) -., -.(cid:127) (cid:127)' ',(cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127)~',(cid:127)J1b.(cid:127) ) 1%hJ 11; 1. -.a , TABLES NO. TITLE PAGE 4-1 Accident Category Identification 4-3 4-2 Tenerife Accident Casualty Statistics 4-3 4-3 Injury Survey, 1960-1980 Commercial Transports 4-4 5-1 Accident Scenario Characteristics Groups 5-2 5-2 Approach Accidents Characteristics and Injuries 5-3 5-3 Landing Aczidents Characteristics and Injuries 5-4 5-4 RTO. Accidents Characteristics and Injuries 5-5 6-1 Generalized Crash Scenario Elements 6-2 6-2 Off Runway Obstructions, Landing Mode Accidents 6-4 6-3 On Runway O.bstructions, Landing Mode Accidents 6-5 6-4 Aircraft Structural Damage, Landing Mode Accidents 6-6 Approach Accioents Data Base SA-I A-2 A-2 Landing Accidents Data Bdse A-4 A-3 Rejected Takeoff Accident Data Base A-7 B-I Approach Accidents - Characteristics and Injuries B-2 B-2 Landing Accidents - Characteristics and Injuries B-8 8-3 Takeoff A'cidents - Characteristics and Injuries B-20 E-1 Performance Requirements for Structural Impact Tolerance E-4 E-2 Summary of Crash Impact Conditions for Helicopters and E-5 Light Fixed Wing Aircraft E-3 Static Load Requirements for Ancillary Equipment E.31 Attachments a. N, S. ix 00 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NTSB National Transport Safety Board SOLARAD System of On-Line Analysis Retrieval of Accident Data .RTO Rejected Takeoffa GIS Generalized Impact Scenario VRGA Relative Ground Airspeed Velocity I IATA International Air Transport Association MAD International Civil Air Organization 'I LIOS FABBEVIAION i6 16 xii :P p LIST OF REFERENCES .NO. Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide (VOLUMES I-V) 1 VOL. I USARTL-TR-79-22A Design Criteria and Checklists 2 VOL. II USARTL-TR-79-22B Aircraft Crash Environment and human Tolerance 3 VOL. III USARTL-TR-79-22C Aircraft Structural Crashworthiness VOL. IV USARTLTR7922D Aircraft Seats, Restraints, Litters, and Padding 5 VOL. V USARTL-TR-79-22E Aircraft Post Crash Survival 6 Applicaticn of Scale Modeling Techniques to Crashworthiness Research. Aircraft Crashworhhiness - K. Saczalski University ot Virginia Press 1975 7 Crash Loads Environment Study Donald P. Fitzgibbon, Feb. 1967 4(cid:127) Mechanics Research, Inc., El Segundo, California 8 NASA Report 165677 9 R. F. Chandler, D. H. Laananen, "Seat/Occupant Crash Dynamic Analysis Verific~ation Test Program", SAE Paper No. 790590, April 1979 10 1 R.J.Hayduk, R. G. Thornon, G. Wittlin, M. P. Kamat, "Nonlinear Structural Crash Dynamics Analyses", SAE Paper No. 790588, Ap ]11 979 1D. H. Laananen, J. W. Col man, "Modification and Experimental Validation o Program SOMLA", SIMULA Report No. TR8005, pril 11, 1980 12 D. H. Laananen, "Developme t of a Scientific Basis for Analysis of Aircraft. Seating Systems", FAA-RD-74-130, 1975 13 M. A. Gamon, "General Aviation Airplane Structural Crashworthiness User's Manual: Volume I - Program KRASH Theory", FAA-RO-77-189, I, February 1978 xiii Sx11 LIST OF REFERENCLS :, NO. 14 M. A. Gamon, G. Wittlin, W. L. LaBarge, "General Aviation Airplane Structural Crashworthiness User's. Manual: Volume II - Input-Output, Techniques and "Applications", FAA-RD-77-189, II, September 1979 15 W. H. Reed, S. H. Ribertson, L. W. Weinberg, L. H. Tyndall, "Full-Scale Dynamic Crash Test of a Douglas DC-7 Aircratt", FAA-ADS-37, April 1965 16 W. H. Reed, S. H. Robertson, L. W. Weinberg, L. H. Tyndall, "Full-Scale Dynamic Crash Test of a Lockheed Constellation Model 1649 Aircratt", FAA-ADS-38, October 1965 17 Victor L. Vaughn., Emilio Alfaro-Bou, "Impact Dynamics Research Facility for Full-Scale Aircraft Crash lestirig", NASA TN-8179, April 1976 18 Robert G. Thomson, Robert C. Goetz, "NASA/FAA General Aviation Crash Dynamics Program -- A Status Report", AIAA Paper 79-078 19 R. C. Tennyson, J. S. Hansen, H. Teichman, F. Cicci, M. Ioannou, S"Crashworthiness of Aircraft Fuselage Structures", AIAA Paper 78-477, 1978 20 Richard F. Chandler, "Evaluation of Crashworthiness Test Data", SAE Paper 730290. April 1973 21 Bayard S. Holmes, James D. Colton, "Application of Scale Modeling Techniques to Crashworthiness Research", NASA 76A34161, October 1975 22 D. L. Greer, J. .1. Greeden, T. L. Heid, "Crashworthy Design Principles", General Dynamics, Convair FAA Technical Report ADS-24, September 1,964 23 W. H. Reed, J. P. Avery, "Principles for Improving Structural Crashworthiness for STOL and CTOL Aircratt", Aviation Satety Engineering and Research, USAAVLABS Technical Report 66-39, EJune 1966 24 D. L. Greer, T. L. Heide, J. D. Weber, "Design Study and ficdel Structures Test Program to Improve Fuselage Crashworthiness", .I General Dynamics, Convair FAA Technical Report DS-67-20, t October 1967 V _! xi v