Transnationalism in the Prussian East From National Conflict to Synthesis, 1871–1914 Mark Tilse ThePalgraveMacmillanTransnationalHistorySeries SeriesEditors:AkiraIriye,ProfessorofHistoryatHarvardUniversity,andRana Mitter,ProfessoroftheHistoryandPoliticsofModernChinaattheUniversity ofOxford. Thisdistinguishedseriesseeksto:developscholarshiponthetransnationalcon- nections of societies and peoples in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; provideaforuminwhichworkontransnationalhistoryfromdifferentperiods, subjects,andregionsoftheworldcanbebroughttogetherinfruitfulconnection; andexplorethetheoreticalandmethodologicallinksbetweentransnationaland otherrelatedapproachessuchascomparativehistoryandworldhistory. Editorial Board: Thomas Bender, University Professor of the Humanities, Pro- fessorofHistory,andDirectoroftheInternationalCenterforAdvancedStudies, NewYorkUniversity;JaneCarruthers,ProfessorofHistory,UniversityofSouth Africa; Mariano Plotkin, Professor, Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero, BuenosAires,andmemberoftheNationalCouncilofScientificandTechnolog- icalResearch,Argentina;Pierre-YvesSaunier,ResearcherattheCentreNational de la Recherche Scientifique, France and Visiting Professor at the University of Montreal;IanTyrrell,ProfessorofHistory,UniversityofNewSouthWales. Titlesinclude: GregorBentonandEdmundTerenceGomez THECHINESEINBRITAIN,1800–PRESENT Economy,TransnationalismandIdentity SugataBoseandKrisManjapra(editors) COSMOPOLITANTHOUGHTZONES SouthAsiaandtheGlobalCirculationofIdeas SebastianConradandDominicSachsenmaier(editors) COMPETINGVISIONSOFWORLDORDER GlobalMomentsandMovements,1880s–1930s MartinConwayandKiranKlausPatel(editors) EUROPEANIZATIONINTHETWENTIETHCENTURY HistoricalApproaches JoyDamousi,MarianoBenPlotkin(editors) THETRANSNATIONALUNCONSCIOUS EssaysintheHistoryofPsychoanalysisandTransnationalism DesleyDeacon,PennyRussellandAngelaWoollacott(editors) TRANSNATIONALLIVES BiographiesofGlobalModernity,1700–present JonathanGantt IRISHTERRORISMINTHEATLANTICCOMMUNITY,1865–1922 EriHotta PAN-ASIANISMANDJAPAN’SWAR,1931–45 MartinKlimbeandJoachimScharloth(editors) 1968INEUROPE AHistoryofProtestandActivism,1956–77 ErikaKuhlman RECONSTRUCTINGPATRIARCHYAFTERTHEGREATWAR Women,GenderandPostwarReconciliationbetweenNations DeepKantaLahiriChoudhury TELEGRAPHICIMPERIALISM CrisisandPanicintheIndianEmpire,c.1830–1920 BruceMazlish THEIDEAOFHUMANITYINTHEGLOBALERA GlendaSluga THENATION,PSYCHOLOGY,ANDINTERNATIONALPOLITICS,1870–1919 MarkTilse TRANSNATIONALISMINTHEPRUSSIANEAST FromNationalConflicttoSynthesis,1871–1914 ThePalgraveMacmillanTransnationalHistorySeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–50746–3Hardback 978–0–230–50747–0Paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand theISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England Transnationalism in the Prussian East From National Conflict to Synthesis, 1871–1914 Mark Tilse ©MarkTilse2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-28416-6 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2011by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-32930-4 ISBN 978-0-230-30750-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230307506 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Tilse,Mark,1977– TransnationalisminthePrussianeast:fromnationalconflictto synthesis,1871–1914/MarkTilse. p. cm. Includesindex. 1. Prussia(Germany)—History. 2. Prussia,East(Province)—History. 3. Prussia,West(Poland)—History. 4. Germany—Boundaries— Poland. 5. Poland—Boundaries—Germany. 6. Transnationalism. 7. Socialconflict. I. Title. DD448.T552011 943.8(cid:2)32033—dc22 2011012473 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Contents ListofTables vii Preface ix SeriesForeword xi Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 Part I Nationalism 1 TheLogicofNationalisminthePrussianEast 13 Originsoftheinterface 13 Thenationalconflict 20 SolutionsofthePolishquestion 32 Conclusion 40 2 TheNationalizationofCulture 41 Kulturandthestate 41 Institutionsofhigherlearning 46 Libraries 53 Theatres 59 Conclusion 64 Part II TheCulturesofTransnationalism 3 TheLanguageandSemanticsofTransnationalism 69 Bilingualism 69 Thesemanticsofnationalism 84 Conclusion 93 4 MarriageandSexacrosstheNationalDivide 94 Quantificationandmethodology 95 Theprimacyofconfession 105 Mixedmarriage,nationalismandrace 115 Conclusion 132 v vi Contents Part III ThePoliticsofTransnationalism 5 ThePoliticsofthe‘Catholic–PolishAxis’ 137 Originandethos 137 Structureoftheaxis 140 The‘confessionalconflict’ 145 Conclusion 153 6 Germans,PolesandtheSocialistMovement 155 Ideology 155 Organizationalstructureandpoliticalexperience 162 Conclusion 174 Conclusion 176 Appendixes 186 Notes 192 Bibliography 247 Index 271 List of Tables 1.1 PopulationsoftheRegierungsbezirkeofPosenandWest Prussiabynationalityandconfessionin1861 23 1.2 PopulationsoftheRegierungsbezirkeofPosenandWest Prussiabynationalityandconfessionon1December 1890 23 1.3 PrincipalemploymentinPosen,WestPrussiaandthe Prussianstate,1882–1907 25 1.4 Distributionofnationalitiesamongprincipal occupationalgroupsinPosen,1882–1907(%) 28 1.5 Distributionofnationalitiesamongprincipal occupationalgroupsinWestPrussia,1882–1907(%) 29 3.1 LanguagedistributioninPosenandWestPrussia, 1849–1910 71 3.2 LanguageofchildrenintheelementaryschoolsofPosen andWestPrussia,1886–1911 84 4.1 Polish–GermanmarriagesinthecityofPosen,1815–48 96 4.2 Catholic–ProtestantmarriagesinthecityofPosen, 1815–48 96 4.3 Totalmixed-confessionmarriagesbetweenProtestants andRomanCatholicsinPosenandWestPrussia, 1870–1910 98 4.4 Mixed-confessionmarriagesbetweenProtestantsand RomanCatholicsintheruralcommunities,1870–1910 99 4.5 Mixed-confessionmarriagesbetweenProtestantsand RomanCatholicsinthetowns,1870–1910 100 4.6 GermanandPolishmarriagesinPosenin1911 102 4.7 MarriagesbetweenGermansandPolesinthecityof Posen,1905–14 103 4.8 MarriagesbetweenProtestantsandCatholicsinthecity ofPosen,1905–14 104 4.9 Relativefrequencyofmixed-confessionmarriage accordingtogender 104 4.10 ConfessionalstatusofthechildrenofCatholic– ProtestantmarriageinPrussiaon1December1885 114 vii viii ListofTables 5.1 PopulationchangeofCatholicsandProtestantsinthe RegierungsbezirkeofPosenandWestPrussia,1871–1900 139 5.2 LandtagAbgeordnetenhausmandates–Posen, 1867–1913 141 5.3 LandtagAbgeordnetenhausmandates–WestPrussia, 1867–1913 141 6.1 SocialDemocratmembershipintheprovincesof CentralandEasternPrussia,1906–14 171 Appendices A.1 Reichstagmandates–PosenandWestPrussia, 1871–1912 186 A.2 MapofGermanandPolishSettlementinPosenand WestPrussia,Circa1913 189 A.3 DenominationandtheSocialDemocratvoteforthe Reichstagin1907 190 Preface This book aims to advance knowledge of nationalism through study of the forms of interaction between national groups. In the contem- porary global context, nations, specifically nation-states, are prevalent, and their relations marked by forms of conflict that appear ubiqui- tous and perennial. Nevertheless, as one of the foremost properties of nationalism, ‘conflict’ is a phenomenon that lacks adequate explana- tion.Itishopedthatthisbookwilladdafurthernuancetothemeaning ofconflictasitoccursbetweennations. In the research of nations and nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe,theoriesofconflicthavebeenpre-eminent.Thisstudy,incom- parison, expounds a further dimension of the relationship between nations, by its application of the paradigm of synthesis – one that is ancient, even primordial, in origin, and fundamental to the Western philosophical tradition. Having been associated in the social sciences principally with Hegelian and Marxian social theory, this study repre- sentsthefirstapplicationofthisconceptintheresearchofnationsand nationalism.Thebookuncoversandtheorizesformsofharmonization between nations, through its examination of the protracted history of conflictbetweenGermansandPolesinthePrussianEast. This book, which is the product of doctoral research, is based upon a diverse range of German and Polish source material, much of which has not been utilized before. In particular, extensive use has been made of state files located in the Archiwum Pan´stwowe w Poznaniu, Archiwum Pan´stwowe w Gdan´sku, the Geheimes Staatsarchiv- Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin and the Archiv der sozialen DemokratiederFriedrich-Ebert-StiftungBonn. ThisresearchwasgenerouslysupportedbytheUniversityofLondon CentralResearchFund,theGermanHistorySociety,theRoyalHistorical Society, the Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust, the UCL Graduate School and the Marie Curie fellowship programme of the European Doctorate in the Social History of Europe and the Mediterranean. I am very grateful to these bodies for their interest and support, with- out which this work would have been considerably more difficult to ix