Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe: Ireland United Kingdom Nether- lands Belgium Germany Czech Republic Slovakia Austria Hungary Slovenia Greece Cyprus 1000km Transnational Report Kenneth Aitchison Institute for Archaeologists January 2009 Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe www.discovering-archaeologists.eu DISCOVERING THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS OF EUROPE TRANSNATIONAL REPORT Kenneth Aitchison January 2009 1 Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe www.discovering-archaeologists.eu Published by the Institute for Archaeologists Copyright © the Institute for Archaeologists 2009 Institute for Archaeologists, SHES, Whiteknights, University of Reading, PO Box 227, Reading RG6 6AB The rights of Kenneth Aitchison to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ISBN 978-0-948393-96-9 Cover Design by Conor McDermott 2 Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe www.discovering-archaeologists.eu Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the following individuals who have all contributed to this project as part of the Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe team. Efthymia Alphas, Gregor Bajc, Lucia Benedikova, John Collis, Rachel Edwards, Eva Fottova, Jan Frolik, Margaret Gowen, Anthony Harding, Raimund Karl, Angeliki Kossyva, Dirk Krausse, Patrizia La Piscopia, Marc Lodewijckx, Kristine Magerman, Conor McDermott, Dóra Mérai, Tomáš Michalík, Nagy Mihály, Predrag Novaković, Carla Nübold, Alcestis Papadimitriou, Pantos Pantos, Despo Pilides, Vesna Pintarič, Stefan Schmidt, Danica Staššíková-Štukovská, Martin Tomasek, Katja Uršič and Karen Waugh. John Collis was project consultant and Rachel Edwards the project evaluator. Claire Soper and Kathryn Whittington provided administrative support. The project has been funded with support from the Leonardo da Vinci II fund of the European Commission. This report reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which might be made of the information contained therein. 3 Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe www.discovering-archaeologists.eu Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 Contents .................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.0 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Aim and Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 7 3.0 Partnership .................................................................................................................................. 8 4.0 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Data Collection ........................................................................................................................ 9 4.2 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 9 5.0 Definitions of Archaeologists .................................................................................................... 10 6.0 Numbers Working in Archaeology ............................................................................................ 11 7.0 Past Growth of the Sector ......................................................................................................... 13 8.0 Future Growth of the Sector ..................................................................................................... 14 9.0 Age and Gender of Archaeologists ........................................................................................... 15 10.0 Disability Status of Archaeologists ............................................................................................ 17 11.0 Country of Origin ....................................................................................................................... 18 12.0 Highest Qualifications Gained by Archaeologists ..................................................................... 20 13.0 Full-time and Part-time Work in Archaeology .......................................................................... 22 14.0 Salaries in Archaeology ............................................................................................................. 23 15.0 Training Needs and Skills Shortages ......................................................................................... 24 16.0 Transnational Mobility .............................................................................................................. 25 16.1 Barriers to Transnational Mobility – Licensing ..................................................................... 26 16.2 Barriers to Transnational Mobility – Qualifications .............................................................. 27 16.3 Barriers to Transnational Mobility – Language ..................................................................... 28 17.0 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 29 18.0 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 30 Appendix 1: Private Sector and State Funding ..................................................................................... 31 4 Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe www.discovering-archaeologists.eu 1.0 Executive Summary Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe is a major project that has researched the labour market, qualifications and transnational mobility for archaeologists in twelve European Union Member States. The research was carried out in 2007-08. Structures. Archaeological practice in the participating states is organised on different models, with varying levels of commercial activity balanced against state agency engagement. Different states define who can be considered to be an archaeologist in different ways. Employment. Across the twelve participating states, an estimated 16,657 people work as archaeologists, representing 0.02% of the combined total workforces of those states. The highest proportion of the total workforce that are archaeologists is in Ireland, where archaeologists make up 0.08% of the total workforce. In the states where archaeology is primarily a private-sector activity, far more jobs are available. Nature of the workforce. Of the archaeologists for whom data were available about their genders, 54% are male and 46% female. This closely matches the proportions in the total EU workforce of 53:47. In Greece and Cyprus the relative numbers of female archaeologists are much higher. On average, European archaeologists are 39 years old. Very few European archaeologists are disabled – 1.5% of the total number of workers for whom data were available. Only in Germany was there significant variation from the low average figure, as 6.0% of German archaeologists are disabled. Nature of the work. Across the twelve participating states, 86% of the archaeologists for whom data are available work full-time and 14% part-time. This is comparable to the overall EU ratio for all workers of 82:18, but few states actually reported proportions close to this figure, as on a state-by- state basis it will either be normal for there to be nearly no part-time workers or for approximately 1 in 4 archaeologists to work part-time. Salaries. Typically, in the twelve participating states, archaeologists are paid slightly more than the national average, and the calculated average salary for all archaeologists studied is slightly higher (107%) of the EU average for all workers. Where archaeological practice is principally undertaken by state agencies, salaries in archaeology tend to be higher than where archaeology is undertaken as a commercial activity, but far fewer individuals work in the profession. Growth of the sector. In almost all participating states, in terms of the number of people employed, archaeology has expanded over the past five years and (at the time data were collected, typically in 2007) further growth was anticipated. Qualifications. In every participating state, it is normal for people working in archaeology to hold a degree. 5% of archaeologists have gained their highest qualification in a European Union state other than the state in which they now work. Countries of Origin. 92% of archaeologists in the twelve countries studied work in the state of their own origin. A further 6% are from other EU states, with 1% of workers coming from outside the European Union. Training Needs. Issues relating to specific training needs were assessed in each participating country, but because of the variety of ways in which these questions were asked by the project partners (in order to accommodate the differing structures and approaches to archaeological work in each participating member state), the information obtained cannot be usefully compared from state to state. 5 Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe www.discovering-archaeologists.eu Barriers to mobility. The aim of this project has been to improve understanding of the requirements for, and capacity to provide, transparent qualifications for archaeologists across Europe in order to facilitate transnational mobility. The project has shown that there are opportunities for archaeologists to move from one state to another to work, and it has successfully identified that in order to find employment in the twelve participant EU member states, archaeologists need to be qualified, normally at least at graduate level. This does not mean that the qualifications that archaeologists hold are universally accepted in all states other than their own. Different traditions mean that licensing systems, which are normally based upon academic qualifications, can block free movement of archaeological practitioners from one state to another. The project has also found that archaeologists will need language skills (which are sometimes an absolute requirement in order to be able to practice) in order to be able to work in states other than their own. 6 Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe www.discovering-archaeologists.eu 2.0 Aim and Objectives The aim of this project is to improve understanding of the requirements for, and capacity to provide, transparent qualifications for archaeologists across Europe. To reach this aim, the project has had a number of objectives at both European and individual state levels: • to identify barriers to entry to the profession of archaeology and to transnational mobility • to identify labour market information and trends, including training investment, recruitment and career progression difficulties • to establish the number of archaeologists working in each state • to identify training needs and skills shortages • to provide archaeological employers with information to aid business planning and improve organisational performance It has achieved these objectives by identifying, collecting and disseminating information on archaeologists and archaeological employment across Europe (labour market intelligence), in order for employers, professional associations, the European Association of Archaeologists, training providers and other bodies • to develop knowledge of practices and conditions in order to facilitate transnational mobility of labour • to define specific criteria and methodologies to identify training needs across Europe • to improve analysis and anticipation of skills requirements • to enable comparisons between skills requirements in states Prior to this project, this kind of information was unavailable in most individual states and had never been collected or applied on a transnational basis before. 7 Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe www.discovering-archaeologists.eu 3.0 Partnership This project has involved archaeological organisations from twelve European Union Member States, plus the transnational European Association of Archaeologists. These organisations are from a variety of backgrounds, which has allowed a great variety of views and opinions come to the project and so to strengthen its research. Partnership organisations Austria Internationales Österreichisches Archaeological discussion forum Archaeologie Forum Belgium Katholieke Universiteit Leuven University archaeology department Cyprus Department of Antiquities Government Department Czech Republic Archeologický ústav Akademie Věd National heritage agency Cěské Republiky Germany Verband der Landesarchäologen Association of regional government in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland agencies Greece Syllogos Ellinon Archaiologon Professional association for archaeologists of the Greek Archaeological Service (Ministry of Culture) Hungary Magyar Régész Szövetség Professional association for archaeologists Ireland Institute of Archaeologists of Ireland Professional association for archaeologists Netherlands Vestigia b.v. Archeologie en Private archaeological consultancy Cultuurhistorie Slovak Republic Archeologický ústav SAV National heritage agency Slovenia Univerza v Ljubljani University archaeology department United Kingdom Institute of Field Archaeologists Professional association for archaeologists Transnational, European Association of Membership association administration in Archaeologists Czech Republic Of these 13 organisations, eleven have been full partners (benefiting from European Commission funding) and two – from Austria and Hungary – have been associate partners. The associate partners joined the project at a relatively late stage, after budgets had been allocated, and so were only able to participate as fully self-funded participants. National reports on the archaeological labour market in each of the participating states have been prepared and published, both in national languages and English, at www.discovering- archaeologists.eu. A further report, on qualifications and requirements to practice, has been compiled by the project consultant, Professor John Collis and is also published at the website address above. 8 Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe www.discovering-archaeologists.eu 4.0 Methodology The partners shared approaches in order to ensure that common, but not identical, methodologies were used for data collection, analysis and presentation. 4.1 Data Collection Following the model of previous work in the United Kingdom where labour market intelligence data had been collected and analysed on two previous occasions (in 1997-98 and 2002-03), data were gathered from employers of archaeologists in twelve EU member states. While the exact details of how these data were collected varied from partner to partner (the partnership agreed that a level of flexibility should be allowed to suit national structures and traditions), all of the partners used postally distributed questionnaires with telephone or email follow-up. It was agreed that a set of “core data” would be asked for in each participating state, in order for comparisons to be made. In each country, further information was requested in addition to this core dataset. • Number of people employed in archaeology. • Age and gender of those employed in archaeology. • Disability status of those employed in archaeology. • Which countries do the people employed in archaeology come from (nationality of those employed in archaeology). • Whether these people are employed full time or part time. • The changes to the number of archaeologists: one, three and five years ago and after one and three years. • Education and other professional qualifications of those working in archaeology and in what country was the education gained. • Professional training needs and specific skills shortages in view of archaeological work. • Personal income and payments for archaeological work. Structurally, archaeology is organised differently in each of the twelve participating member states. This is discussed in each national report, and details on the relationship between archaeological practice, commercial activity and state agencies are presented in Appendix 1: Private Sector and State Funding below. 4.2 Data Analysis Each partner encountered a certain level of non-response from potential questionnaire respondents, and so the data do not cover every archaeologist working at the time of the survey. Each partner extrapolated from the survey returns for their country to calculate a statistically valid estimate of the total number of archaeologists (the first item of core data). For each other category of data, data were available in sufficient quality and quantity to allow the partners to analyse the returns received directly without having to extrapolate. In all cases, the size and range of the datasets collected allowed for complex multivariate analysis. This transnational report draws upon data presented in the twelve national reports to compare and present aggregated figures across the twelve participating states. 9