Transnational Inquiries and the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Criminal Proceedings . Stefano Ruggeri Editor Transnational Inquiries and the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Criminal Proceedings A Study in Memory of Vittorio Grevi and Giovanni Tranchina Editor StefanoRuggeri DepartmentofPublicLaw“T.Martines” UniversityofMessina Messina Italy ISBN978-3-642-32011-8 ISBN978-3-642-32012-5(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-32012-5 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012955485 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Acknowledgements Thisbookcontainstheresultsofaresearchprojectontheprotectionoffundamental rightsintransnationalinquiriesincriminalmatters.Thisprojectwaspromotedby my chair of Italian and European criminal procedure at the Law School of the University of Messina, jointly with the University Consortium Megara Ibleo (CUMI) of Priolo Gargallo and the Bonino-Pulejo Foundation of Messina and withthekindsponsorshipoftheDecentralisedProfessionalTrainingOfficeofthe Supreme Council for the Judiciary (CSM) from the Catania Judicial District, the Syracuse Bar Association and the Messina Section of the Italian Young Lawyers Association(AIGA). In June 2011, in the context of this project, an international conference took place in Syracuse, where distinguished scholars of international and European criminal lawandpractitionersfromelevencountriesbothfrominsideandoutside Europe met to expose and discuss the provisional results of their investigations. Thisbookbringstogetherthefinalsurveysfromafour-levelperspective. Many things have happened since the beginning of the present research, espe- ciallythedeathoftwooutstandingscholarsofItaliancriminalprocedures,namely Prof.VittorioGreviandProf.GiovanniTranchina.Asaconsequenceofthis,Ihave chosentodedicatethisprojecttobothofthem,inmemoryofthehighhumanand scientific value of these two Masters. Furthermore, today I would also like to remember Prof. Dr. Gu¨nter Heine, who took part actively in this research but unfortunately could not see this book, since he died shortly after our conference inSyracuse. Manypeoplehavecontributedtotherealizationofthisproject,andIwouldlike tothankfirstlyalltheoutstandingcolleagueswhohave takenpartinthisresearch for their valuable contributions. A special thank goes to Springer Verlag for its interestandsensitivitytowardsthisprojectandespeciallytoMiss.BrigitteReschke for constantly trusting this initiative and patiently awaiting its results. I am very grateful to Mr. Christopher Schuller for his professional editing of the whole manuscript. Moreover, I am very proud of the quality of the work performed by myentirechairteam,andIwouldliketothankespeciallySimonaArasi,Alessandro Arena,RossellaBucca,GiusyLauraCandito,MartaCogode,FedericaCrupi,Diego v vi Acknowledgements Foti, Irene Giaimi, and Letizia Lo Giudice. But above all this research could be completed, thanks to the irreplaceable support of my family, my wife Norma and mytwolittledaughtersAnnaLuciaandMariaIsabel,whohavepatientlytolerated mylongabsencewhileconstantlyencouragingmywork. Thankyouallverymuch! Messina,on11June2012 StefanoRuggeri Preface Thevalueofthisbookisthatitscomplexstructureunifiesthreedifferentsubjects, each of which would itself raise considerable interest: criminal inquiries, transna- tionaljudicialcooperation,andfundamentalrights. This research has been carried out at a historical moment in which we are witnessing a strengthening of transnational judicial cooperation as essential means to fight against the expansion of criminal organizations that profit from theirabilitytooperateacrossborders.Theseare–alongsideorganizationsnurturing political terrorism, sometimes even working closely with them – the criminal groups behind the most serious economic and financial crime, those controlling amongotherthingsbothproductionandsmugglingofdrugsandhumantrafficking. The danger of new transnational crime has helped overcome traditional resis- tance to a strengthened and more efficient international cooperation between domestic states, which have always been jealous of their own sovereignty over everything concerned with the exercise of criminal jurisdiction. These resistances continue to be felt, and those that are still justified must be separated from those whicharesimplytheremnantsofobsoletenationalistmentalities.However,thisis not the field in which the international community and its individual components are facing the most serious challenge as they try to improve and strengthen their instruments for combating transnational organized crime through international cooperation. Foratleast30yearsIhavearguedthattheissueoffundamentalrightscannotbe dealtwiththeoreticallyandhandledpracticallyasiftheonlyquestionatstakewere thatofelevatingthethresholdofuntouchableindividualguaranteesentailedbyany of them. In particular, one cannot rule out that the increase of terroristic threats shouldleadtopartiallyrethinkingeventheextensionofsomeindividualfreedoms currentlyconsidered“fundamental.” Thiswouldnot,however,bethesameassharingthelogicof“a`laguerrecomme a`laguerre,”accordingtowhichanymodeoffightingagainstterrorismandother dangerous forms of organized crime should be admissible, even in contempt of mostfundamentalrights. vii viii Preface Fundamentalrightsarenotaflagonecanwaveonlyunderashiningsun.They arethemainsailwhichmustalwaysbeprotectedwithoutbeingloweredevenwhen a storm arises. For instance, it is significant that the European Convention on Human Rights distinguishes, within the sphere of the rights it deals with as fundamental, between those that can be suspended or limited in exceptional circumstances(albeit,ofcourse, compensatedbysome“institutional” guarantees) “in time of war or other public emergency” and other rights which can never be eithersuspendedorlimited. Itisnotmytasktoenterintothemeritsoftheapproachestotheseproblemsof the various contributions of this book. However, focusing on these problems and involving so many outstanding scholars to provide information and express their opinionsthereonareacreditbothtothecontributorsandtotheeditorofthisproject. Torino,Italy MarioChiavario Contents PartI IntroductoryPart Sub-PartI InMemoryofVittorioGreviandGiovanniTranchina VittorioGrevi,ScholarandMaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 GiulioIlluminati InMemoryofGiovanniTranchina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 AntonioScaglione LikeaFlame:RememberingGiovanniTranchina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 GiuseppeDiChiara Sub-PartII OpeningSpeech TransnationalInquiriesinCriminalMattersandRespectforFair TrialGuarantees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 GiulioIlluminati PartII MultilevelProtectionofFundamentalRightsinTransnational Investigations Sub-PartI Cross-borderInvestigationsandFundamentalRights inSupranationalandConstitutionalCase-law TransnationalInquiriesandtheProtectionofHumanRights intheCase-LawoftheEuropeanCourtofHumanRights. . . . . . . . . . . 27 RichardVogler TheInter-AmericanSystemofHumanRightsandTransnational Inquiries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 JavierDonde´ Matute ix