Translation Transposition Translocation The Development of a Phenomenology of Architecture by Christian Norberg-Schulz, 1973 - 1980 By Anna Ulrikke Andersen Master Report in Architectural History The Bartlett School of Architecture University College London September 2013 Supervisor: Professor Adrian Forty Translation Transposition Translocation The Development of a Phenomenology of Architecture by Christian Norberg-Schulz, 1973 - 1980 2 © Anna Ulrikke Andersen 2013 Translation Transposition Translocation Anna Ulrikke Andersen 10.066 words Print: Collis Bird & Withey 3 Abstract The title Translation Transposition Translocation derives from an until now unknown, single page document written by architectural theoretician Christian Norberg-Schulz in 1979. By interpreting this document through a step by step analysis uncovering his references, this report aims at allowing new aspects of Norberg-Schulz’s theoretical formation to be brought to light. A particular focus is on the period from his research-related stay in Rome 1973-74 until the publication of his landmark treatise Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture in 1980. This development of a phenomenology of architecture is seen in relation to the reality of his life; a polyglot and frequent international traveller, translation and translocation was an integral part of his every day. A journey through this document invites a broader theoretical framework and discourse of architectural history including Vitruvius, Gottfried Semper, George Steiner, Rosi Braidotti, Walter Benjamin, Martin Heidegger, Jorge Otero-Pailos and the wider field of translation studies. Norberg-Schulz’s conception of Norwegian Architecture, specifically adapted to Norwegian conditions are also key. This enquiry is based on archival research; in particular exploring the Christian Norberg-Schulz Archive, but also The NRK Archive (The Archive of the Norwegian Broadcasting Collaboration), Oslo, has led to pivotal discoveries. Close sustained reading of the multiple texts Norberg-Schulz wrote in the period has been key in investigating the multilingual process of publishing, writing and translating Genius Loci. Additionally, several people who knew and worked with Norberg-Schulz has been interviewed and this oral history has filled the gaps of existing biographical literature. 4 Acknowledgements The many interviews I have performed during the course of work, has been essential in my research and I wish to thank everyone who found the time to respond to my emails or meet me in person. I particularly wish to thank Kari Greve, my gateway into Christian’s inner circle of friends, colleagues and family. Additionally, I wish to thank the curators, archivists and librarians at the Architectural Collections and The NRK Archive, both in Oslo. Throughout the year, I have had the benefit from exchanges with my fellow students and members of staff of the Master Program of Architectural History at The Bartlett School of Architecture, where my supervisor Professor Adrian Forty in particular has offered his kind advice, support and treasured comments. I also want to give special thanks to my parents Arnt Edvin and Marianne for their invaluable support. For his enduring encouragement and rewarding conversations, I wish above all to thank Mikkel. 5 1. Introduction 10 2. The Christian Norberg-Schulz Archive 15 3. Section One: From Hut to Temple 18 4. Section Two: Translation Transposition Translocation 21 Norberg-Schulz - the Translator 21 Translocation 31 Tradditore, Traduitore 36 Transposition 38 5. Section Three: Introducing Martin Heidegger 41 Translation is a Tool for Gathering 43 Proper Appropriation 44 6. Section 4: Architecture as Language 48 7. Conclusion 52 8. Bibliography 54 6 List of tables 1.Publications related to Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture (1980). This list is created out of searches in library databases and two overlapping selective lists of Norberg-Schulz’s publications from: Norberg-Schulz, Christian. CV. Box Diverse uregistrerte fra den sorte pulten. The Norberg- Schulz Archive. The Architectural Collections. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo. Fløistad, Guttorm et al. editors. Christian Norberg-Schulz: Et festskrift til 70-årdagen. Oslo: Norsk Arkitekturforlag, 1996. 2.Translations of Heidegger’s concepts Ort and Platz. This table is based on: Heidegger, Martin. Basic Writings from 'Being and Time' (1927) to 'The Task of Thinking' (1964). Edited and translated by David Farrell Krell. London: Routledge, 1993. ———. Poetry Language Thought. Edited by J. Glenn Gray. Translated by Albert Hofstadter. New York: Harper & Row Publishing, 1975. ———. Vorträge und Aufsätze. 11th ed. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2009. First published by G. Neske, 1954. Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Genius Loci: Landschaft, Lebensraum, Baukunst. Translated by Angelica Schweikhart. Stuttgart: Klett - Cotta, 1982. ———. Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. London: Academy Editions, 1980 and New York: Rizzoli, 1980. List of illustrations 1.Christian Norberg-Schulz. “Translation”. 18.04.1979. Box 60,70,80-tall.The Christian Norberg- Schulz Archive. The Architectural Collections. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo. 7 2.Section of the document “Translation”. Christian Norberg-Schulz. “Translation”. 18.04.1979. Box 60,70,80-tall.The Christian Norberg-Schulz Archive. The Architectural Collections. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo. 3.Section of the document “Translation”. Christian Norberg-Schulz. “Translation”. 18.04.1979. Box 60,70,80-tall.The Christian Norberg-Schulz Archive. The Architectural Collections. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo. 4.Anna Ulrikke Andersen, Generated map of the destinations of Norberg-Schulz’s many journeys and around Rome 1973-74. 2013, maps.google.com. Based on Christian Norberg-Schulz. Travel Journal. 1973-74. Box 2002:15 Arkivstykke 2F notatbøker/notater. The Christian Norberg-Schulz Archive. The Architectural Collections. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo. 5.Christian Norberg-Schulz. Travel Journal. 1973-74. Box 2002:15 Arkivstykke 2F notatbøker/ notater. The Christian Norberg-Schulz Archive. The Architectural Collections. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo. 6.Christian Norberg-Schulz in Tuscany. Reproduction from: Christian Norberg-Schulz “Genius Loci: et opprinnelsens begrep”. In På klassisk grunn: Det norske institutt gjennom 40år. Ed. K.B. Aavitsland and R.T Eriksen, 100-1009 (Oslo: Andresen og Butenschøn, 1999), 108. 7.Section of the document “Translation”. Christian Norberg-Schulz. “Translation”. 18.04.1979. Box 60,70,80-tall.The Christian Norberg-Schulz Archive. The Architectural Collections. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo. 8.Villa Stousland II (1936-37). Ove Bang. Sogn, Oslo, Norway. Photo: Anna Ulrikke Andersen, 2011. 9. Planetveien 12 - 16 (1955). Arne Korsmo and Christian Norberg-Schulz. Oslo, Norway. Photo: Teigens fotostudio, 1954. Oslobilder.no, Oslo Museum, Oslo. Available online: http:// www.oslobilder.no/KFS/DEX_T_4062_004?query=Christian+Norberg- Schulz&count=73&search_context=1&pos=8 10. Section of the document “Translation”. Christian Norberg-Schulz. “Translation”. 18.04.1979. Box 60,70,80-tall.The Christian Norberg-Schulz Archive. The Architectural Collections. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo. 8 List of interviews: Anna Maria Norberg-Schulz. Wife of Norberg-Schulz. The Interview took place at 12.07.2013, in her home Gyldenløves gate 19b, Oslo, Norway. Elisabeth Norberg-Schulz. Daughter of Norberg-Schulz. Email correspondence. 07 - 15.05.2013. Guttorm Fløistad. Professor of Philosophy, editor of Tankekors and friend of Norberg-Schulz. The Interview took place at 22.05.2013, in the Café at the University Library, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. Kari Greve. Conservator at the Norwegian National Museum, former student and friend of Norberg- Schulz. The Interview took place at 23.05.2013, in the Café at the Architectural Museum, Oslo, Norway. Mari Hvattum, Professor in Architectural History and Theory, AHO. The Interview took place at 24.05.2013, at AHO, Oslo, Norway. Gordon Hølmebakk. Former editor at Gyldendahl Publishing house, where he worked with Norberg-Schulz. The Interview took place at 24.05.2013, in the Café at Kunsnernes Hus (Artist’s house) Oslo, Norway. Anne Marit Vagstein. Architect. Partner and colleague of Norberg-Schulz. The Interview took place at 27.05.2013, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway. 9 Introduction “Architecture is born from the dialectic of departure and return”. 1 Christian Norberg-Schulz, 1980 In an archival box in the Norberg-Schulz archive in Oslo, a folder marked “The 70s” contains a stack of assorted papers which are Thorvald Christian Norberg-Schulz’s (1926-2000) personal, handwritten notes from the decade. The 1970s were fruitful years for the young professor. With the book Intentions in Architecture (1963) he had established himself within the international scene of architectural theory. He was invited to speak at the RIBA, The University of Cambridge, Yale University and MIT, along with being the editor of the Norwegian architectural journal Byggekunst and continuously publishing articles in international journals. In 1973 he moved to Rome to research his next book Genius Loci. After his first serious encounter with the phenomenology of Martin Heidegger in 1974,2 he developed what is considered to be his landmark treatise Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture (1980). The notes from this period are remarkable, addressing several issues which are considered vital in his theoretical authorship, being place, landscape, language, philosophy and architecture. Less known, and therefore intriguing, are the keywords ‘translation’, ‘transposition’, ‘translocation’, which appears in one of the notes from the period, dated 18.04.1979, titled “Translation”. (Fig. 1) This MA report will offer an analysis of the until now unknown document “Translation” and investigate the role translation, transposition and translocation played in Christian Norberg- Schulz’s theoretical formation and link this to the reality of his life, by uncovering his references. How does the document fit into a larger tradition of architectural theory? To limit the scope of this 1 Christian Norberg-Schulz, Genius loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture (London: Academy Editions, 1980), 170. 2 Jorge Otero-Pailos, Architecture’s Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), 173. 10