title: author: publisher: isbn10 | asin: print isbn13: ebook isbn13: language: subject publication date: lcc: ddc: subject: Page i Transforming Settler States Page ii Zimbabwe Page iii Northern Ireland Page v Transforming Settler States Communal Conflict and Internal Security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe Ronald Weitzer UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford Page vi University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. Oxford, England © 1990 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Weitzer, Ronald John. Transforming settler states: communal conflict and internal security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe / Ronald Weitzer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-520-06490-9 (alk. paper) 1. Internal securityNorthern Ireland. 2. Northern Ireland Politics and government1969-3. Internal securityZimbabwe. 4. ZimbabwePolitics and government19651979. 5. Zimbabwe Politics and government19791980. 6. ZimbabwePolitics and government1980-I. Title. HV8197.5.A2W45 1990 363.2' 09416dc20 89-20692 CIP Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Ô Page vii Contents List of Tables ix Preface xi 1. Sectarian Security Systems: Structure and 1 Transformation 2. The Pillars of Settler Rule 24 3. Building Settler States: Foundations in Rhodesia and 42 Northern Ireland 4. Rhodesia: Guerrilla War and Political Settlement, 82 19721980 5. Northern Ireland: Breakdown of Settler Rule, 19691972 111 6. Zimbabwe: One-Party State 134 7. Northern Ireland under British Rule 190 Conclusion: Transforming Settler States 244 Selected Bibliography 257 Index 269 Page ix Tables 1. Selected Societies with Settler Populations 32 2. Security Expenditures 144 3. Incidence of Insurgent Activity 162 4. Public Attitudes, by Party Affiliation 184 5. Preferred Form of Government 199 6. The Security Situation, 19691988 202 7. Deaths from Political Violence, 19691988 203 8. Attitudes toward Security Measures, 1985 230 9. Attitudes on Law and Order, 1985 231 10. Attitudes toward Security Measures, 1988 232 11. Attitudes on Defeating Terrorism, 1988 234 Page xi Preface Max Weber described the state as a system of "organized domination" that "claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory." That coercive structures are quintessential elements of state power the scholarly literature often seems to take for granted, but few studies systematically examine internal security systems. This study pays special attention to the coercive dimensions of state power in two societies with histories of settler rule. Settler societies tend to be "communally divided": fractured politically and socially along racial, ethnic, or religious lines. The dominant communal bloc consists of settlers and their descendants who typically build a highly sectarian internal security apparatus to preempt or suppress threats from the indigenous population. The transformation of settler states remains deficient insofar as the security establishment of the old regime remains intact; lasting substantive democratization requires a radical overhaul of inherited security structures. This work analyzes the rise and breakdown of settler states in Northern Ireland and Rhodesia/Zimbabwe and proposes an explanatory model for understanding the conditions of change and continuity in internal security systems after the dissolution of settler rule. In Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe settler rule was replaced in 1972 and 1980, respectively. These cases represent very different routes away from settler rule and distinct outcomes under new political orders. In the interest of examining larger questions and themes in comparative perspective, the empirical chapters necessarily sacrifice some of the