T RANSFORMING M F ILITARY ORCE Praeger Security International Advisory Board BoardCochairs LochK.Johnson, RegentsProfessorof Public and InternationalAffairs,School ofPublicandInternationalAffairs,UniversityofGeorgia(U.S.A.) PaulWilkinson,ProfessorofInternationalRelationsandChairmanoftheAdvi- soryBoard,CentrefortheStudyofTerrorismandPoliticalViolence,University ofSt.Andrews(U.K.) Members Eliot A. Cohen, Robert E.Osgood Professor of Strategic Studiesand Director, Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced InternationalStudies,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity(U.S.A.) AnthonyH.Cordesman,ArleighA.BurkeChairinStrategy,CenterforStrategic andInternationalStudies(U.S.A.) The´re`seDelpech,DirectorofStrategicAffairs,AtomicEnergyCommission,and Senior Research Fellow, CERI (Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques), Paris(France) SirMichaelHoward,formerChicheleProfessoroftheHistoryofWarandRegis ProfessorofModernHistory,OxfordUniversity,andRobertA.LovettProfessor ofMilitaryandNavalHistory,YaleUniversity(U.K.) Lieutenant General Claudia J. Kennedy, USA (Ret.), former Deputy Chief of StaffforIntelligence,DepartmentoftheArmy(U.S.A.) Paul M. Kennedy, J. Richardson Dilworth Professor of History and Director, InternationalSecurityStudies,YaleUniversity(U.S.A.) Robert J. O’Neill, former Chichele Professor of the History of War, All Souls College,OxfordUniversity(Australia) ShibleyTelhami,AnwarSadatChairforPeaceandDevelopment,Departmentof GovernmentandPolitics,UniversityofMaryland(U.S.A.) JusufWanandi,co-founderandmember,BoardofTrustees,CentreforStrategic andInternationalStudies(Indonesia) FareedZakaria,Editor,NewsweekInternational(U.S.A.) T RANSFORMING M F ILITARY ORCE The Legacy of Arthur Cebrowski and Network Centric Warfare JAMES R. BLAKER Praeger Security International Westport, Connecticut (cid:127) London LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Blaker,JamesR. Transformingmilitaryforce:thelegacyofArthurCebrowskiandnetworkcentricwarfare/ JamesR.Blaker. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978–0–275–99427–3(alk.paper) ISBN-10:0–275–99427–9(alk.paper) 1.Cebrowski,Arthur.2.UnitedStates—ArmedForces—Reorganization.3.Militarydoctrine—United States—History—20thcentury.4.Militarydoctrine—UnitedStates—History—21stcentury.5.United States—Militarypolicy. I.Title. II.Title:LegacyofArthurCebrowskiandnetworkcentricwarfare. UA23.B54222007 355.30973—dc22 2007000073 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable. Copyright©2007byJamesR.Blaker Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2007000073 ISBN-13:978–0–275–99427–3 ISBN-10:0–275–99427–9 Firstpublishedin2007 PraegerSecurityInternational,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881 AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.praeger.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 ToHeide C ONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Chapter1 TheContext 1 Chapter2 MilitaryTransformation 21 Chapter3 TransformingtheU.S.Military 63 Chapter4 FutureForces 94 Chapter5 MilitaryTransformationandWorldAffairs 129 Chapter6 SuccessesandFailures 146 Chapter7 InstitutionalizingTransformation 168 Chapter8 AnAppraisal 193 Notes 227 Bibliography 239 Index 245 P REFACE ImetArthurCebrowskiin1994.AtthetimeIwasthesenioradvisortothevice chairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaff,AdmiralWilliamA.Owens,tryingtohelp himpromotewhatwasemergingas‘‘theAmericanrevolutioninmilitaryaffairs.’’ Wemetasfellowconspiratorsintherevolution.ViceAdmiralCebrowskiwasthe ‘‘J6,’’formally,theJointStaffDirectorofCommand,Control,Communications, andComputers,or‘‘C4’’inthePentagon’sacronymicaddiction.Wehadlittlein commonotherthantheconspiracy.C4seemedtomethenasthemostesotericof militaryfunctions,yet,bythemid-1990sitwasclearthatitwasthecenterofthe revolution. It was equally clear to me that Owens had the highest regard for Cebrowski and relied heavily on his insights. So, I tried to get to know him. Webecamefriendsand,particularlyoverthelastfiveyears,hebecameawindow into what was occurring inside the Pentagon, into the international dynamics that drive the Department of Defense, and into the new age he convinced me weareentering. Cebrowski was a warrior. He flew through North Vietnamese surface-to-air missilesandantiaircraftartilleryasayoungNavypilotandlatercommandedair- craftcarriersbiggerandbetterthantheonesonwhichheoncecalledhome.He designed weaponsand planned combat operations.Buthe wasalsoanintellec- tualwhothoughtdeeplyabouthisprofession.Hereadconstantly,enjoyedmath- ematicalchallenges,and memorized poems. He had the phenomenalability to tie the images, algorithms, statements, and descriptions together, for he was a synaptic thinker,drawinginsightand correlations fromthe connectionsamong what others thought were disparate phenomena. He was articulate and had a wonderfulsenseofhumor.Helaughedwithacontagiousenthusiasm,eachtime