UNIVERSITY OF CA RIVERSIDE LIBRARY IIIIII1IMIIIH 3 1210 01354.9629 trans-pacific racisms AND THE U.S. OCCUPATION OP JAPAN TRANS-PACIFIC RACISMS AND THE U.S. OCCUPATION OF JAPAN A STUDY OF THE EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY THE UNITED STATES AND PACIFIC ASIA: STUDIES IN SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL INTERACTION CAROL GLUCK AND MICHAEL HUNT, GENERAL EDITORS STUDIES OF THE EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY The East Asian Institute is Columbia University’s center for research, pub­ lication, and teaching on modern East Asia. The Studies of the East Asian Institute were inaugurated in 1962 to bring to a wider public the results of significant new research on modern and contemporary East Asia. A STUDY OF TI.E EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE LIBRARY UC RIVERSIDE TRANS-PACIFIC RACISMS AND THE U.S. OCCUPATION OF JAPAN Yukiko Koshiro COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 1999 by Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Koshiro, Yukiko. Trans-Pacific racisms and the U.S. occupation of Japan / Yukiko Koshiro. p. cm. — (A study of the East Asian Institute, Columbia University) Includes index. ISBN 0-231-11348-X (cloth). — ISBN 0-231-11349-8 (paper : alk. paper) 1. United States—Foreign relations—Japan. 2. Japan—Foreign relations—United States. 3. Racism—Political aspects—United States—History—20th century. 4. United States—Foreign relations—1945-1989 5. Japan—History—Allied occupation, 1945-1952. I. Title. II. Series: Studies of the East Asian Institute. E183.8.J3K67 1999 327.73052—dc2i 98—39912. Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America c 10 987654321 p 10 987654321 For Carol Gluck THE UNITED STATES AND PACIFIC ASIA: STUDIES IN SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL INTERACTION CAROL GLUCK AND MICHAEL HUNT, GENERAL EDITORS ALSO IN THIS SERIES The Great Powers in East Asia, 1953-1960 Warren I. Cohen and Akira Iriye To the People: Janies Yen and Village China Charles W. Hayford CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix A NOTE ON THE ORIGIN OF MODERN RACISM xi Introduction: Race in U.S.-Japanese Relations i i. The International Framework for Postwar Japanese-American Racism 15 2. Race and Culture: Person to Person 49 3. Racial Equality, Minorities, and the Japanese Constitution 89 4. Japanese Overseas Emigration 123 5. The Problem of Miscegenation 159 Epilogue: The Aftermath—The Lesson of the Occupation 201 A NOTE ON THE SOURCE CITATIONS 221 NOTES 22J INDEX 2S5