AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK UNITED NATIONS AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE TRANS AFRICAN HIGHWAYS AND THE MISSING LINKS V 2: D C OLUME ESCRIPTION OF ORRIDORS Final Report SWECO International AB, Sweden Nordic Consulting Group AB, Sweden Stockholm, August 14th 2003 In Association With: BNETD, Ivory Coast UNICONSULT, Kenya The African Development Bank Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and Volume 2 – Description of Corridors the Missing Links REPORT LAYOUT The amount of information collected under this project is quite large. Major efforts have been made to concentrate the presentation in this Draft Report to the most relevant aspects but the volume remains substantial. In order to make the material as accessible as possible we have opted to organize the presentation in four separate volumes as follows: Volume 1, Main Report In this volume the major aspects of the TAH scheme are presented, divided into subject matters rather than geographic corridors (although corridor information in summary form is included in Volume 1). Volume 2, Description of Corridors This volume contains the detailed description of the 9 TAH corridors, based on information collected at country, REC and regional levels. Volume 3, Way Forward This volume contains the background and presentation of what needs to be done to the Trans African Highways and the conditions for the road traffic and transport using the network. It also formulates a vision for the future and suggests a Work Programme for the coming years. Volume 4 Appendices In this volume background information, detail survey data, etc are presented. It is only thanks to the kind co-operation and support from a great number of people in Ministries, Highway Administrations, RECs, ECA and last but not least the African Development Bank that it has been possible to produce this report within the short time-span available for the field work activities. For that the Team is most grateful. The study has been carried out by an international group of consulting firms comprising SWECO and NCG of Sweden, Uniconsult of Nigeria and BNEDT of Cote d’Ivoire. The work was carried out by two teams. The members of the Anglophone team were Messrs Kisslig, Mbau, and Sedin. The francophone team comprised Messrs Biagone, Meyer, and Vasur. Mr Sedin has been the Team Leader. Page 2 SWECO INTERNATIONAL / NCG / UNICONSULT / BNEDT The African Development Bank Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and Volume 2 – Description of Corridors the Missing Links VOLUME 2 - TABLE OF CONTENT ACRONYMS 8 FIELD INVENTORY 9 1 HIGHWAY 1 - CAIRO - DAKAR 12 1.1 Description of the Characteristics of the Corridor 12 1.2 Physical Condition 12 1.2.1 Egypt..................................................................................................................................................14 1.2.2 Libya...................................................................................................................................................16 1.2.3 Tunisia................................................................................................................................................17 1.2.4 Algeria................................................................................................................................................18 1.2.5 Morocco..............................................................................................................................................20 1.2.6 Mauritania..........................................................................................................................................22 1.2.7 Senegal...............................................................................................................................................25 1.3 Road Traffic and Safety 26 1.3.1 Volume and Composition of Road Traffic Flows...............................................................................26 1.3.2 Road Security and Safety....................................................................................................................27 1.4 Management of the Corridor 27 1.5 Funding 28 1.6 Trade and Transport Facilitation 29 1.6.1 Agreements and Protocols..................................................................................................................29 1.6.2 Customs and Border Crossings...........................................................................................................29 1.6.3 Non-Physical Barriers.........................................................................................................................29 1.7 Missing Links 30 1.8 Conclusions 30 2 HIGHWAY 2 - ALGIERS – LAGOS 31 2.1 Description of the Characteristics of the Corridor 31 2.2 Physical Condition 32 2.2.1 Algeria: Algiers-Ghardaïa-In Salah-Tamanrasset-In Guezzam-Assamaka.........................................34 2.2.2 Niger: Assamaka – Arlit – Zinder - Magaria......................................................................................36 2.2.3 Nigeria: Magaria – Kano – Kaduna – Ilorin – Ibadan - Lagos............................................................38 2.2.4 Tunisia / Algeria: Tunis / Gabès – Hazoua - Ghardaïa.......................................................................39 2.2.5 Algeria / Mali: Tamanrasset – Timiaouine – Gao - Bamako..............................................................40 2.2.6 Mali / Niger: Gao – Labbezanga - Niamey.........................................................................................41 2.2.7 Niger: Zinder - Nguigmi.....................................................................................................................42 2.2.8 Summary of planned activities according to UEMOA.......................................................................42 2.3 Road Traffic and Safety 43 2.3.1 Volume and Composition of Road Traffic Flows...............................................................................43 2.3.2 Road Security and Safety....................................................................................................................44 2.4 Management of the Corridor 44 2.4.1 Institutional Arrangements.................................................................................................................44 2.4.2 Road Sector Operations......................................................................................................................45 2.4.3 Strategy and Priorities........................................................................................................................45 2.5 Funding 46 Page 3 SWECO INTERNATIONAL / NCG / UNICONSULT / BNEDT The African Development Bank Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and Volume 2 – Description of Corridors the Missing Links 2.6 Trade and Transport Facilitation 47 2.6.1 Agreements and Protocols..................................................................................................................47 2.6.2 Customs and Border Crossings...........................................................................................................47 2.6.3 Non-Physical Barriers.........................................................................................................................47 2.7 Missing Links 48 2.8 Conclusions 48 3 HIGHWAY 3 - TRIPOLI - WINDHOEK 51 3.1 Description of the Characteristics of the Corridor 51 3.2 Physical Condition 51 3.2.1 Libya...................................................................................................................................................54 3.2.2 Chad...................................................................................................................................................56 3.2.3 Cameroon...........................................................................................................................................58 3.2.4 Central African Republic (CAR)........................................................................................................59 3.2.5 Congo.................................................................................................................................................60 3.2.6 Democratic Republic of Congo..........................................................................................................61 3.2.7 Angola................................................................................................................................................62 3.2.8 Namibia..............................................................................................................................................64 3.3 Alternative Alignments 66 3.3.1 Alternative Alignment in Niger..........................................................................................................66 3.3.2 Alternative Alignment in Chad and Cameroon...................................................................................67 3.3.3 Alternative Alignment in Central Africa (Cameroon, CAR, Gabon, Congo.......................................68 3.3.4 Extension of the Tripoli-Windhoek Highway to Cape Town.............................................................70 3.4 Road Traffic and Safety 71 3.4.1 Road Traffic.......................................................................................................................................71 3.4.2 Road Security and Safety....................................................................................................................71 3.5 Management of the Corridor 74 3.5.1 Responsibility for and Management of the Highway..........................................................................74 3.5.2 Road Sector Operations......................................................................................................................74 3.5.3 Strategy and Priorities........................................................................................................................75 3.6 Funding 75 3.6.1 Corridor Programming.......................................................................................................................75 3.6.2 Sources of Financing..........................................................................................................................76 3.7 Trade and Transport Facilitation 76 3.7.1 Customs and Custom Procedures.......................................................................................................76 3.7.2 Trade and Transport............................................................................................................................77 3.8 Missing Links 79 3.9 Conclusions 80 4 HIGHWAY 4 - CAIRO - GABORONE 82 4.1 Description of the Characteristics of the Corridor 82 4.1.1 Northern Sections...............................................................................................................................82 4.1.2 Central Sections..................................................................................................................................82 4.1.3 Southern Section.................................................................................................................................82 4.1.4 Importance of the Corridor.................................................................................................................83 4.2 Physical Condition 83 4.2.1 Egypt..................................................................................................................................................86 4.2.2 Sudan..................................................................................................................................................88 4.2.3 Ethiopia..............................................................................................................................................90 4.2.4 Kenya.................................................................................................................................................92 4.2.5 Tanzania.............................................................................................................................................94 4.2.6 Zambia................................................................................................................................................96 4.2.7 Zimbabwe...........................................................................................................................................98 4.2.8 Botswana............................................................................................................................................99 Page 4 SWECO INTERNATIONAL / NCG / UNICONSULT / BNEDT The African Development Bank Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and Volume 2 – Description of Corridors the Missing Links 4.3 Road Traffic and Safety 100 4.3.1 Volume and Composition of Road Traffic Flows.............................................................................100 4.3.2 Other Modes of Transport................................................................................................................104 4.3.3 Road Security and Safety..................................................................................................................104 4.4 Management of the Corridor 105 4.4.1 Responsibility for and Management of the Highway........................................................................105 4.4.2 Road Sector Operations....................................................................................................................106 4.4.3 Strategy and Priorities......................................................................................................................107 4.5 Funding 108 4.5.1 Corridor Programming.....................................................................................................................108 4.5.2 Sources of Financing........................................................................................................................109 4.6 Trade and Transport Facilitation 109 4.6.1 Road Sector......................................................................................................................................109 4.6.2 Non-Physical Barriers.......................................................................................................................110 4.7 Missing Links 110 4.7.1 Egypt................................................................................................................................................111 4.7.2 Sudan................................................................................................................................................111 4.7.3 Ethiopia............................................................................................................................................111 4.7.4 Kenya...............................................................................................................................................111 4.7.5 Tanzania...........................................................................................................................................111 4.7.6 Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana....................................................................................................111 4.8 Conclusions 112 5 HIGHWAY 5 - DAKAR – N’DJAMENA 113 5.1 Description of the Characteristics of the Corridor 113 5.2 Physical Condition 115 5.2.1 Senegal.............................................................................................................................................116 5.2.2 Mali..................................................................................................................................................118 5.2.3 Burkina Faso.....................................................................................................................................122 5.2.4 Niger.................................................................................................................................................126 5.2.5 Nigeria..............................................................................................................................................128 5.2.6 Cameroon - Chad..............................................................................................................................129 5.3 Alternative Alignment 131 5.4 Road Traffic and Safety 132 5.4.1 Volume and Composition of Road Traffic Flows.............................................................................132 5.4.2 Road Security and Safety..................................................................................................................132 5.5 Management of the Corridor 133 5.5.1 Responsibility for and Management of the Highway........................................................................133 5.5.2 Road Sector Operations....................................................................................................................134 5.5.3 Strategy and Priorities......................................................................................................................135 5.6 Funding 135 5.6.1 Corridor Programming.....................................................................................................................135 5.6.2 Sources of Financing........................................................................................................................136 5.7 Trade and Transport Facilitation 136 5.7.1 Scope of the Problem........................................................................................................................136 5.7.2 Agreements and Protocols................................................................................................................137 5.7.3 Non-Physical Barriers.......................................................................................................................138 5.8 Missing Links 139 5.9 Conclusions 140 6 HIGHWAY 6 - N’DJAMENA - DJIBOUTI 142 6.1 Description of the Characteristics of the Corridor 142 6.2 Physical Condition 142 6.2.1 Chad.................................................................................................................................................144 6.2.2 Sudan................................................................................................................................................146 Page 5 SWECO INTERNATIONAL / NCG / UNICONSULT / BNEDT The African Development Bank Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and Volume 2 – Description of Corridors the Missing Links 6.2.3 Ethiopia............................................................................................................................................148 6.2.4 Djibouti.............................................................................................................................................149 6.3 Road Traffic and Safety 150 6.3.1 Volume and Composition of Road Traffic Flows.............................................................................150 6.3.2 Other Modes of Transport................................................................................................................150 6.3.3 Road Security and Safety..................................................................................................................150 6.4 Management of the Corridor 152 6.4.1 Responsibility for and Management of the Highway........................................................................152 6.4.2 Road Sector Operations....................................................................................................................152 6.4.3 Strategy and Priorities......................................................................................................................153 6.5 Funding 153 6.5.1 Corridor Programming.....................................................................................................................153 6.5.2 Sources of Financing........................................................................................................................153 6.6 Trade and Transport Facilitation 154 6.6.1 Road Sector......................................................................................................................................154 6.6.2 Non-Physical Barriers.......................................................................................................................154 6.7 Missing Links 154 6.8 Conclusions 156 7 HIGHWAY 7 - DAKAR - LAGOS 157 7.1 Description of the Characteristics of the Corridor 157 7.2 Physical Condition 158 7.2.1 Senegal and Gambia.........................................................................................................................160 7.2.2 Guinea Bissau...................................................................................................................................162 7.2.3 Guinea..............................................................................................................................................163 7.2.4 Sierra Leone.....................................................................................................................................164 7.2.5 Liberia..............................................................................................................................................165 7.2.6 Ivory Coast.......................................................................................................................................166 7.2.7 Ghana – Togo - Benin......................................................................................................................168 7.2.8 Nigeria..............................................................................................................................................170 7.3 Road Traffic and Safety 171 7.3.1 Road Traffic.....................................................................................................................................171 7.3.2 Road Security and Safety..................................................................................................................171 7.4 Management of the Corridor 171 7.4.1 Responsibility for and Management of the Corridor........................................................................171 7.4.2 Road Sector Operations....................................................................................................................172 7.4.3 Strategy and Priorities......................................................................................................................172 7.5 Funding 173 7.5.1 Corridor Programming.....................................................................................................................173 7.5.2 Sources of Financing........................................................................................................................174 7.6 Trade and Transport Facilitation 174 7.7 Missing Links 175 7.8 Conclusions 175 8 HIGHWAY 8 - LAGOS - MOMBASA 177 8.1 Description of the Characteristics of the Corridor 177 8.2 Physical Condition 177 8.2.1 Nigeria..............................................................................................................................................180 8.2.2 Cameroon.........................................................................................................................................182 8.2.3 Central African Rebublic (CAR)......................................................................................................184 8.2.4 Democratic Republic of Congo........................................................................................................186 8.2.5 Uganda.............................................................................................................................................188 8.2.6 Kenya...............................................................................................................................................190 8.3 Alternative Alignments 192 8.3.1 Cameroon.........................................................................................................................................192 Page 6 SWECO INTERNATIONAL / NCG / UNICONSULT / BNEDT The African Development Bank Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and Volume 2 – Description of Corridors the Missing Links 8.3.2 CAR - DR Congo.............................................................................................................................193 8.4 Road Traffic and Safety 194 8.4.1 Volume and Composition of Road Traffic Flows.............................................................................194 8.4.2 Other Modes of Transport................................................................................................................194 8.4.3 Road Security and Safety..................................................................................................................195 8.5 Management of the Corridor 196 8.5.1 Responsibility for and Management of the Highway........................................................................196 8.5.2 Road Sector Operations....................................................................................................................197 8.5.3 Strategy and Priorities......................................................................................................................197 8.6 Funding 198 8.6.1 Corridor Programming.....................................................................................................................198 8.6.2 Sources of Financing........................................................................................................................198 8.7 Trade and Transport Facilitation 199 8.7.1 Road Sector......................................................................................................................................199 8.7.2 Non-Physical Barriers.......................................................................................................................199 8.8 Missing Links 199 8.9 Conclusions 201 9 HIGHWAY 9 - BEIRA – LOBITO 203 9.1 Description of the Characteristics of the Corridor 203 9.2 Physical Condition 203 9.2.1 Mozambique.....................................................................................................................................206 9.2.2 Zimbabwe.........................................................................................................................................207 9.2.3 Zambia..............................................................................................................................................208 9.2.4 Democratic Republic of Congo........................................................................................................210 9.2.5 Angola..............................................................................................................................................212 9.3 Road Traffic and Safety 214 9.3.1 Volume and Composition of Road Traffic Flows.............................................................................214 9.3.2 Other Modes of Transport................................................................................................................214 9.3.2 Road Security and Safety..................................................................................................................215 9.4 Management of the Corridor 216 9.4.1 Responsibility for and Management of the Highway........................................................................216 9.4.2 Road Sector Operations....................................................................................................................216 9.4.3 Strategy and Priorities......................................................................................................................217 9.5 Funding 217 9.5.1 Corridor Programming.....................................................................................................................217 9.5.2 Sources of Financing........................................................................................................................217 9.6 Trade and Transport Facilitation 218 9.6.1 Road Sector......................................................................................................................................218 9.6.2 Non-Physical Barriers.......................................................................................................................218 9.7 Missing Links 219 9.8 Conclusions 220 Page 7 SWECO INTERNATIONAL / NCG / UNICONSULT / BNEDT The African Development Bank Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and Volume 2 – Description of Corridors the Missing Links ACRONYMS ADB African Development Bank CEMAC Communauté Economique et Monétaire d'Afrique Centrale CEN-SAD Community of Sahel and Saharan States CLRT Comité de Liaison de la Route Transsaharienne COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa EAC East African Cooperation ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States GIS Geographic Information System NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development OAU Organization of African Unity REC Regional Economic Community SADC Southern Africa Development Committee SATCC Southern Africa Transport and Communications Commission Sida Swedish International Development Agency TAH Trans African Highways TRLC Trans Saharan Road Liaison Committee UEMOA Union Economique et Monetaire Ouest-Africaine UMA Union du Maghreb Arabe UNTACDA United Nations Transport and Communications Decade Page 8 SWECO INTERNATIONAL / NCG / UNICONSULT / BNEDT The African Development Bank Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and Volume 2 – Description of Corridors the Missing Links FIELD INVENTORY The main objective for the collection of the existing conditions of various road links was to find the relevant information for a description of a road link and the level of standard for comparison reason with other road links. Information about the status of the Trans African Highways has been collected by country-visits, investigating reports and site visits on some road links. The quality of information varied substantially between the countries visited. Whereas in some countries information could be found in road databases, other information was given by recording from individual memories. Another source of information was the availability of studies and reports, like feasibility studies, inventory reports, pavement management systems etc. Whenever time was available and possibility was found, a site visit to the actual road link was carried out, in order to judge about the reliability of received information, mostly regarding the condition of the pavement structure. The criteria for the assessment within the limits of this report have been chosen in a simplified manner, resulting in a form, which was presented to all interviewed persons. Some information was collected for comparison reason, other information should give indications about the readiness and capacity to maintain existing road infrastructures. Still other information will help to define recommendations for international and regional development of road infrastructure uniformity for road users. Some of the parameters are self-instructing, others had to be defined as follows: (cid:190) Type of Road. Illustrates the road class within the country, which the Trans African Highway link belongs to. (cid:190) Type of pavement. 3 different types are considered: (a) paved roads include surfacing consisting of asphalt concrete, surface treatment like surface dressing, cape seal or similar, cement concrete; (b) road with gravel surfacing; (c) earth roads with no surfacing. (cid:190) Condition of pavement. It is referred to the structural condition rather than to the riding comfort. Factors like amount and type of cracking, rutting, heaving, loss of stone are parameters which affect the condition of a road pavement and its remaining life expectancy. (cid:190) Alignment standard. The criteria for the alignment standard is the type of terrain, resulting in varying design speed and construction and maintenance cost. Page 9 SWECO INTERNATIONAL / NCG / UNICONSULT / BNEDT The African Development Bank Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and Volume 2 – Description of Corridors the Missing Links (cid:190) Design speed. Indicating the correlation between the alignment standard and terrain type. (cid:190) Travel speed. This will give an indication about the relevance in the condition of the road. The non-physical barriers are not considered in this information. (cid:190) Road parameters. Information is searched for about the physical widths for carriageway, shoulders and road reserves. Paved width means the width between the road markings, excluding edgestrips, alternatively the total width of a gravelled surface. Road reserve is the legal width, which can be used for road facilities. (cid:190) Number of bridges. Whenever available an approximate figure about bridges on a special section is recorded. The definition of a bridge may vary, e. g. from a length of 6 m or 10 m. (cid:190) Load limit / Total weight for heavy vehicles. This information is vital for the assessment of uniformity along the road link, for heavy vehicles travelling between different countries. (cid:190) Traffic flow. Traffic composition is asked for, especially the number of heavy vehicles, which affects the structure and the cross-section of a road. (cid:190) Truck companies opinions. Whenever possible a judgement by road users about the road standard is asked for. (cid:190) Status of planning. Various planned inputs like rehabilitations, reconstructions, design etc for certain road sections shall be listed. (cid:190) Estimated cost to reach design standard. If road conditions are not considered as good, or alignment standard does not correspond to the standard of road type, the Road Authority’s estimation is recorded to bring the road section to the proper standard. Furthermore information about design, construction, planning facilities and similar are recorded, like design standard used in country, country specific construction specifications, availability of laboratory facilities, etc. All collected information are presented in Volume 4 – Appendices. Page 10 SWECO INTERNATIONAL / NCG / UNICONSULT / BNEDT