Ryorijaya Uoshiro Restaurant, Mikuni, Fukui Prefecture. Fushimi Inari Shrine, Kyoto. Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. www.tuttlepublishing.com Text copyright © 2010 Mira Locher Photographs © Ben Simmons and Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-4629-0606-2 (ebook) Distributed by North America, Latin America & Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 U.S.A. Tel: 1 (802) 773-8930; Fax: 1 (802) 773-6993 [email protected] www.tuttlepublishing.com Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building, 3rd Floor 5-4-12 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 0032 Tel: (81) 03 5437-0171; Fax: (81) 03 5437-0755 www.tuttle.co.jp Asia Pacific Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. 61 Tai Seng Avenue, #02-12, Singapore 534167 Tel: (65) 6280-1330 Fax: (65) 6280-6290 [email protected] www.periplus.com 14 13 12 11 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in Singapore TUTTLE PUBLISHING® is a registered trademark of Tuttle Publishing, a division of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. A Note on Language Japanese names in the text are written to follow the typical Japanese order of family name followed by given name (the opposite of English). An exception is Kengo Kuma’s name, which is in reverse order on the cover and introductory pages. The Japanese words used in the text are written in roman script (romaji), based on phonetic pronunciation using a modified Hepburn system. Consonants are pronounced similarly to English, with g always hard. A macron is used to denote a long vowel sound, except for words such as Tokyo and Kyoto which have become common in English. Vowels are pronounced as follows: a is ă as in father (ā denotes a lengthened sound, also sometimes written as aa) i is ē as in greet (ī denotes a lengthened sound, also sometimes written as ii) u is ū as in boot e is ĕ as in pet (also sometimes written as é) o is ō as in mow (ō denotes a lengthened sound, also sometimes written as oo or ou) The Glossary includes Japanese characters for each word— kanji ideographs originally from China and the two kana syllabaries based on phonetics, hiragana (now used for Japanese words or parts of words for which there is no kanji) and katakana (now used primarily for foreign words). Japanese nouns can be either plural or singular. Front endpaper Kiyomizu Temple, Kyoto. Back endpaper Jōmyōji Temple, Kamakura. Raikyūji Temple, Takahashi, Okayama Prefecture. Ryōanji Temple, Kyoto. Contents Foreword by Kengo Kuma 8 Preface 11 Context PART 1 Environment and Culture 16 Chapter 1 The Evolution of Japanese Architecture 20 Chapter 2 The Role of Tradition 36 Chapter 3 Forms and Materials PART 2 Basic Principles 46 Chapter 4 Regional Variations 54 Chapter 5 Tools and Techniques 62 Chapter 6 Materials 70 Chapter 7 Architecture PART 3 Roofs 92 Chapter 8 Foundations 98 Chapter 9 Walls 104 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Floors 112 Ceilings 116 Chapter 12 Built-ins 120 Chapter 13 Furniture 128 Chapter 14 Decorative Objects 134 Chapter 15 Interior Ornamentation 138 Chapter 16 Exterior Ornamentation 142 Chapter 17 Gardens and Courtyards PART 4 Shaping the Land 150 Chapter 18 Entrance Gates 156 Chapter 19 Garden Walls 162 Chapter 20 Fences 166 Chapter 21 Paths 170 Chapter 22 Bridges 174 Chapter 23 Gravel Courtyards 178 Chapter 24 Raked Gravel Beds and Mounds 180 Chapter 25 Stone Borders 184 Chapter 26 Rocks and Stones 186 Chapter 27 Plants 192 Chapter 28 Water 198 Chapter 29 Garden Objects 202 Chapter 30 Temporary and Seasonal Elements 208 Chapter 31 Endnotes 210 Glossary 213 Bibliography 218