Volume 48(4):115-130, 2017 Tracking The ancesTral PorTuguese name of The osPrey across The aTlanTic: hinTs from language, liTeraTure, hisTory and geograPhy luís Palma¹² ABSTRACT Guincho, the traditional Portuguese name of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is unique and an‑ cestral. It is found in several sorts of fictional literature from the 16th up to the early 20th centuries in the form of a metaphor born from an old popular proverb. The first time the name appears as the vernacular designation of the osprey is in a 17th falconry treatise, and then in old dictionaries and early ornithological monographs and catalogues throughout the 18th to early 20th centuries. In Portugal, however, the name barely survives, partly due to the species demise in the country during the 20th century, but mainly because it was gradually replaced by an erudite term in ornithological literature since the middle 19th century. However, given the conspicuousness of the species and its nests, the name and its composites are retained in a number of places along the coast. And, following the Portuguese diaspora of the 16th‑18th centuries, the term spread to the archipelagos of Madeira, Cape Verde and the Canaries where it impregnated the local vocabu‑ lary and again gave the name to many coastal places. Then, it moved from the Canaries to the Spanish speaking areas of the Caribbean riding the mass migration of Canary Islanders to the new colonies. In consequence, the traditional Portuguese name of the osprey is still fully used in several island countries across the Atlantic. The remarkable presence of the ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey in language, literature and geography allows its rehabilitation as the proper popular name of the species and sanctions its legitimacy as a tool for reconstructing the ancient historical ranges of the osprey. Ultimately, revaluing the name is also a matter of cultural preser‑ vation, which compliments and enriches the current efforts for the species recovery in Portugal. Key-Words: Pandion haliaetus; Popular name; Portugal; Atlantic; Linguistics; Literature; History; Toponymy. INTRODUCTION Joining data from linguistics, history and geog- raphy to biological sources in an integrative approach “There is no doubt that scientific names are entirely in may be the best informative guess to unveil past demo- the hands of scientists, but it seems to be overlooked that graphic scenarios and former distributions of species popular names are just as completely in the hands of the (e.g., Clavero et al., 2015). In the above context, his- people. Scientists may advise, but not dictate on this torical names of species in particular may gain special point” (Seton, 1885). relevance as a way to reconstruct lost species ranges by 1. CIBIO – Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal. 2. ORCID: 0000-0003-2899-9269. E-mail: [email protected] http://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v48i1p115-130 116 Palma, L.: Widespread ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey tracking them down in the roots of landscape features’ the osprey until nearly the end of the 19th century, names (e.g., Spens, 2007). From a wider perspective, beyond which it began to lose ground due to several traditional names of notable species have been used by odd vicissitudes, explained ahead in the text. But be- people all over the world to name remarkable natural cause the osprey shows high nest site-fidelity across features of social significance for human geographic generations, builds large long-lasting nests positioned communication (Randall, 2001). Toponyms are a in very conspicuous and exposed places (Poole, 1989), powerful source of landscape information (Fagúndez it is a species whose nest sites are particularly prone to & Izco, 2016) and originate from the need to codify become notable landmarks acknowledged by human former descriptive references to the shape and nature communities. of the land, its flora and fauna, or forms of human The osprey is a morphologically distinctive and settlement (Assenza, 2014). At the same time, place highly specialised, almost fully piscivorous bird of names closely reflect the relationship between natural prey, taxonomically arranged in a family of its own, features and human history, i.e., between natural and the Pandionidae (Poole, 1989; Ferguson-Lees & cultural landscapes (Songlin, 2007), thus illustrating Christie, 2001). Although the species is nearly cosmo- the human interaction with the environment (Fagún- politan, its breeding range is almost entirely Holarctic dez & Izco, 2016). and Australasian, and only marginally Afrotropical, Phytotoponyms and zootoponyms have been in- Neotropical and Indomalayan; these regions are al- creasingly used as a powerful tool to help reconstruct most entirely used as dispersal and wintering grounds historical distributions of a large set of species and (Ferguson-Lees & Christie, 2001). Whereas northern habitats (e.g., Aybes & Yalden, 1995; Moore, 2002; populations are fully migratory, those from lower lat- Yalden, 2002, 2007; Evans et al., 2012). Similar ap- itudes (the Caribbean, Mediterranean, Red Sea and proaches have been applied in studies on past land uses Persian Gulf, Cabo Verde, and Indo-Australasia) tend (Conedera et al., 2007), vegetation cover and landscape to be resident or to perform small-scale interbreed- changes (Sousa & García-Murillo, 2001; Guanghui ing movements (Monti et al., 2015). From the evo- et al., 2015), and climate change (Sousa et al., 2010). lutionary perspective, the Pandionidae show a phy- However, recreating the history of a species logenetically distant basal position relative to its sister where it became extinct long ago is even more con- family the Accipitridae from which it is estimated to strained due to lack of observational evidence, paucity have diverged 24-30 Mya (Seibold & Helbig, 1995). or even absence of references in scientific or grey lit- In turn, the origin of Pandion haliaetus is estimated erature, and because personal memories do not span at 3 Ma (Monti, 2015) and its intraspecific radiation longer than a few decades. Some inferences though began at 1.6 Ma during the Early Pleistocene (Mon- can be drawn, besides place names, from references to ti et al., 2015). Traditionally, four subspecies have the species in ancient fictional literature (e.g., Queiroz been recognized: P. haliaetus (Palearctic), P. carolin‑ & Soares, 2016). Yet, to allow tracking back a spe- ensis (Nearctic), P. ridgwayi (Caribbean) and P. cris‑ cies history without too much uncertainty it is man- tatus (Indo-Australasia) (Ferguson-Lees & Christie, datory that its vernacular name is largely unambigu- 2001). Recent genetic studies revealed that Pandion ous. The same is valid if we want to assure that using is structured into four genetic groups representing al- place names as a source of information to reconstruct most non-overlapping biographical regions. Whereas past distributions of a species is a relatively sound ap- the Indo-Australasian lineage fully matches P. cristatus proach. Indeed, to be valuable as research resources, geographically, P. ridgwayi does not differ from the toponyms should obey to the principles of transpar- Nearctic P. carolinensis, while P. haliaetus is actually ency (be interpretable literally, without the need of composed of two haplogroups, one of which a pre- etymological explanation), analogy (the meaning can viously overlooked Asian lineage at the eastern end be inferred based on the description that the place of the Palearctic (Monti et al., 2015). Pandion most name suggests), exceptionality (reflects the exception- likely originated in America, from where it colonised al characteristics of the place), territorial significance the Indo-Australasian region through the Asian Pa- (one geographic aspect of the place stands out, or is cific coast, and from Indonesian-Oceania refugia it relevant, even if not explicitly, with respect to its other expanded to eastern Asia and the Western Palearctic features), and persistence (its tendency to endure over (Monti et al., 2015). time) (Tort i Donada & Reinoso, 2014). The osprey must have been a common breed- This is the case of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus), ing bird along the coast of Portugal until the begin- which was uniquely named as Guincho in the Portu- ning of the 20th century, not only along the tall cliffs guese language, a name unambiguously attributed to of rocky coasts but also in some areas of low lying Arquivos de Zoologia, 48(4), 2017 117 shores (Catry, 1999; Palma, 2001). Still, besides the sea, which they take by diving and carry in their claws… published ornithological data and direct observation, They are wise birds; when the weather is fine and the sea a first historical reconstruction attempt (Palma, 2001) still they take home in just one day enough fishes for the had to rely widely on other information sources such whole week”. as from local witnesses, place names either written or mapped, or collected orally in interviews with elderly The author further explains: residents of the sea coast. The present work aims at: (1) revaluing guin‑ “Who has [nearby] a nest of these birds while they have cho as the Portuguese ancestral popular name of the young, has plentiful fish to eat for days; this gave rise to osprey for its long-standing linguistic, historical and the women´s proverb: So‑and‑so, have not pity of her as cultural echoes, and thereby reinstating it in modern she got in such person a “ninho de guincho” [osprey ornithological nomenclature; and (2) validating guin‑ nest, metaphorically meaning a wealthy and provid- cho-related toponyms as a reliable source of informa- ing person]”. We will see later the relevance of this in tion for future reconstructions of the historical distri- literature. bution of the osprey. The above designation and description was later transcribed by the priest Raphael Bluteau into his ex- MATERIALS AND METHODS tensive “Portuguese and Latin vocabulary […]” dedi- cated to King João V, and which virtually covers all An extensive search was carried out for the name fields of knowledge (Bluteau, 1713). guincho and its meanings and connotations through- Nearly over a century later, a similar description out all sorts of old literature, either available printed appears in a very interesting dictionary exclusively ded- or online, namely dictionaries, novels, theatre plays, icated to a wide range of natural topics, with a highly popular proverbs, toponyms, and natural history lit- comprehensive title which can be literally translated erature, and as far back as possible. as: Portuguese Dictionary of plants, bushes, woods, trees, Additionally, (1) I extensively searched the in- four‑legged animals, and reptiles, birds, fishes, shell fish, ternet for references to guincho and to what it was insects, gums, metals, stones, lands, minerals, etc., which applied; (2) I questioned foreign ornithologists and the Divine Omnipotence created in the Earthly globe for other experts about the meaning of the word in the the use of the living [mankind] (Monteiro de Carvalho, language and toponymy of their own countries, be- 1765). Noticeably, this remarkable (and amusing) lit- sides counting on my personal field experience in erary work was dedicated to the Marquis of Pombal, Portugal (Palma, 2001) and Cabo Verde (Palma et al., the famous and powerful Secretary of State of King 2004); and (3) I explored the linguistic and historical José I who became the “architect” of Lisbon’s resto- literature in an attempt to explain the etymology and ration and modernisation after the tragic 1755 earth- wide geographic range of the name. quake that caused massive destruction of the city ten years before (Chester, 2001). According to Almeida (2016) the word RESULTS guincho may have originated from an Iberian pre- roman Semitic language, possibly from guiimnsse The Portuguese name of the osprey or guiâimnsse (phonetical transcriptions) meaning respectively a “falcon that lives off the sea” and a “wild- The first Portuguese reference to guincho as the living animal of the sea”. Whereas interesting and vernacular name of Pandion haliaetus appears in a fal- possible, the above hypothesis remains controversial conry treatise (Ferreira, 1616) of the early 17th Cen- and obviously difficult to corroborate (Xosé-Henrique tury (Fig. 1A), which was reprinted in 1899 with a Costas, philologist, pers. comm.). dedication to the Portuguese monarch King Carlos I, an enthusiastic patron of natural sciences. Chapter 13 is named Dos Guinchos “about the ospreys” (Fig. 1B) Guincho in Portuguese literature where the author describes the species roughly as since the 16th century follows: The ninho de guincho metaphor appears in fic- “Ospreys are maritime birds, of the size of our kites… tional literature much earlier than within the species They breed on rocks and in trees, and feed on fishes of the descriptions of the 17th and 18th centuries. To my 118 Palma, L.: Widespread ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey FIGURE 1A: Title page of the 1616’s edition of the falconry treatise Arte da Caça de Altaneria by Diogo Fernandes Ferreira, which includes a description of the osprey, under the ancestral Portuguese popular name of guincho. Source: Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, Biblioteca Nacional Digital. Arquivos de Zoologia, 48(4), 2017 119 FIGURE 1B: Page with the description of the osprey in the 1899 edition of Arte da Caça de Altaneria by Diogo Fernandes Ferreira. 120 Palma, L.: Widespread ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey knowledge, it appears for the first time in a 16th cen- the Cape Verdean Creole, as well as in the Canarian tury popular comedy of manners (Comédia Eufrosina: and Caribbean Spanish variants. It seems plausible Vasconcellos, 1560), repeatedly re-edited up to 1918. that, being a Portuguese term, the word guincho was In particular, this play portrays the liberal courting and first spread to Portuguese overseas territories, i.e., the sexual behaviour of Cariophilo, kind of a Portuguese Madeira and Cape Verde archipelagos. predecessor of Tirso de Molina’s D. Juan. At a certain point (3rd Act, 3rd Scene), he boasts of being himself Madeira and Porto Santo a ninho de guincho as an asset in his seduction skills. Despite the fact that the author’s exact birth- Madeira was reportedly colonised during the place remains controversial, most of his life seems 15th and 16th centuries by people of diverse Portu- to have been spent between Lisbon and Coimbra or guese origin, chiefly from coastal areas of the country Aveiro (Pereira, 2010), that is, in middle coastal Por- (Albuquerque & Vieira, 1987), most of them from tugal. This suggests that the metaphor and the prov- the northwest (Ribeiro, 1955). At those times, the os- erb from which it derives, and used by the author in prey was a widespread and conspicuous breeding bird the play, originated in the northern half of the Portu- along most of the Portuguese coast and well known guese coast. Indeed, according to Figueiredo (1913), to the people (Palma, 2001; text above), and it is thus the proverb, alluding to a bounteous person or the likely that the incomers would easily identify the bird owner of a bountiful house, is a regionalism of the in the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo. The name Minho, i.e., from the northwest of the country. This guincho was certainly retained long enough for it to be has implications on our current understanding of the applied to places where the osprey was seen breeding, original range of the species along the coast of Portu- before the bird became extinct. gal, apparently much more extensive than previously assumed by Palma (2001). Cabo Verde The expression ninho de guincho reappears in a poem of a controversial satirical poet of the In the case of the Cape Verde, a former Portu- 17th century in colonial Brazil, Gregório de Matos guese colony, populated since the middle 15th century (1633/1636-1696) or “Boca do Inferno” meaning mainly by Portuguese settlers and West African slaves, hell’s mouth. In one of his poems Chronicle of 16th the Algarve was presumably the primary geographical Century Bahia’s Life – The Good Men, Meritorious origin of the Portuguese colonisers (Ribeiro, 1955), People (Matos, 1992) the author writes about his im- that is, a region where ospreys were at the time com- prisonment condition: despite being accused of being mon (Palma, 2001) and well known to the residents. a liar, a rogue, and a thief (but under the command Additionally, Madeira (cf., above) was also a source of of others, he clarifies) he considered himself instead settlers in Cabo Verde linked with the introduction a ninho de guincho “[…] who supported and provided of sugar cane production (Santos, 1999). Therefore, with the sweat of my nails more than ten birds of prey it is easily conceivable that since their arrival in the […]”. archipelago the Portuguese quickly recognized the lo- Ninho de guincho becomes the very title of a cal ospreys, still plentiful today (Palma et al., 2004), book of the early 20th century (Pimentel, 1903) a com- as the same species they knew at home as guincho. pilation of the author’s thoughts about a wide range of This designation of the osprey has persisted in the lo- issues (Fig. 2). Yet, he clearly ignores what kind of a cal Creole to the present day without any noticeable bird the guincho is or to what the expression had been change either in its written or spoken forms, with the metaphorically applied (i.e., to someone wealthy). In exception of some local variation in pronunciation. his mind, it is said that someone has found a ninho de From my own experience while studying ospreys guincho when he found a hiding place full of varied in the Cape Verde since over a decade (Palma et al., objects; therefore, the author sees his book as a ninho 2004), guincho is the only colloquial name of the spe- de guincho because he filled it with a variety of subjects. cies in the archipelago, and is regularly spoken by all kinds of social groups, either fishermen and peasants or the middle class and the elites. The expansion of the name across other linguistic geographies The Canary Islands The vernacular name guincho used to designate Portuguese people were a notorious presence, the osprey appears not only in Portuguese but also in as immigrants, in the Canary Islands since these were Arquivos de Zoologia, 48(4), 2017 121 FIGURE 2: Inner front page of the book entitled Ninho de Guincho, published in 1903, whose title alludes to an ancient Portuguese pop- ular proverb, which metaphorically calls ninho de guincho to whom like the osprey is a good provider of its home, a wealthy man, thus a “good catch” for women. Source: Internet Archive. 122 Palma, L.: Widespread ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey encountered by Europeans, and especially between Central America it is not surprising that Caribbean the 16th and 18th centuries (Pérez Vidal, 1968). Ma- Spanish would become close to the variant spoken in deiran agriculture was already largely dominated by the Canaries (Trapero, 1995). Therefore, as Canari- sugar production in the second half of the 15th centu- an Spanish is so much influenced by Portuguese, it is ry, and this crop gradually became an economic spe- not surprising that words of Portuguese origin used in cialisation of the island (Albuquerque & Vieira, 1987; the Canaries, including guincho (Corrales & Corbella, Magalhães, 2009). For this reason, Madeira was not 2013) were exported into Caribbean Spanish. Indeed, only the source of the sugar cane introduced to the in the Spanish Royal Academy’s Diccionario de la Canaries but also the origin of those workers recruit- Lengua Española (Dictionary of Spanish Language) ed for the job by the government of the archipelago, guincho stands for the name of the osprey in the Ca- for their expertise in sugar production and transfor- naries and Cuba (cf., Real Academia Española, 2014). mation (Pérez Vidal, 1968). Thus, many of the Por- According to the Cuban ornithologist Freddy tuguese who settled in or traded with the Canaries Rodríguez Santana (pers. comm.), “the word guincho during the 16th to 18th centuries came from Madeira. is a linguistic loan from the Canarian Islanders who And because of the intense maritime life occurring in immigrated to Cuba in past centuries, and is much Portugal during that period, also mainland coastal in- used above all in those places where Spanish influence habitants such as sailors, fishermen and shipbuilders is or was higher”, and it appears in the ornithological made a second source of Portuguese immigrants to literature (e.g., Sánchez et al., 2011). Because of the the Canaries, many of them from the Algarve (Pérez close link between Canarian Spanish and Latin Amer- Vidal, 1968). ican Spanish (Trapero, 1995) the same name is used This led to a strong linguistic influence, espe- for the osprey in other Spanish speaking Caribbean cially noted in the remarkable number of words of countries such as in Puerto Rico (Raúl Pérez-Rivera, Portuguese origin still remaining in modern Canarian pers. comm.), although descriptive names (e.g., águila Spanish, including the seafaring terminology (e.g., de mar, sea eagle) are also used (e.g., Pérez-Rivera & Corbella, 1994; Moskalenko, 2013). Therefore, these Bonilla, 1980). Guincho is the usual osprey designa- islanders and continentals were highly likely to take tion in the Dominican Republic as well (e.g., Socie- the name guincho to the archipelago, and there it re- dad Ornitólogica de la Hispaniola, 2009) and is even mains to designate the osprey, a “kind of fishing eagle” used in Mexico (e.g., Sánchez, 1978), although appar- as mentioned by Trapero (1995). The osprey is usual- ently very uncommonly. ly referred as such in the specialised literature about Finally, guincho appears as the osprey name in the Canaries wildlife, like e.g., in Machado & Morera the Isleño dialect used by a small community of de- (2005). According to Manuel Siverio (pers. comm.), scendants of the 18th century’s Canary immigrants in guincho is the most used vernacular name of the os- St. Bernard Parish near New Orleans, State of Lou- prey in the Canaries. In contrast, águila pescadora isiana, USA (Armistead, 1992) among many other (fishing eagle) is the term used in all of continental words borrowed from the Portuguese via the Canari- Spain and its Mediterranean archipelagos. an Spanish dialect (MacCurdy, 1975; Alayón, 1988). The Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico Brazil The Canaries provided most of Spanish speak- To my best knowledge, the only reference to ing immigrants to the islands of the Caribbean. Ac- guincho as a popular name of the osprey in Brazil ap- cording to Parsons (1983), there was an “almost un- pears as a short citation in Helmut Sick’s Ornitologia broken current of Canary Islanders to the New World Brasileira (Sick, 1997), alongside with águia‑pesca‑ in the nearly five centuries since Columbus” and this dora, gavião‑caipira and gavião‑do‑mar. Conversely, was closely linked with the expansion of the sugar- the latter designations as well as águia‑pesqueira and cane production and sugar-making technology from gavião‑pescador are commonly cited as vernacular the Canaries to the Greater Antilles. About half a names of the osprey in Brazilian ornithological litera- million people are estimated to have migrated from ture (e.g., Vieira, 1936; Ihering, 1968; Santos, 1979; the Canaries to the Americas from the second half of Piacentini et al., 2015). the 16th century onwards, a disproportionate number There may be several reasons why guincho is so comparing with their meagre fraction (0.5%) of the rarely used for the osprey in Brazil. Actually, it is not Spanish population in that period (Parsons, 1983). used for neither of the other bird species (Fernando Given this strong migration of Canarian Islanders to Straube, pers. comm.). One of the possible reasons Arquivos de Zoologia, 48(4), 2017 123 may be that, in contrast with all other regions and Portugal northwest coast countries where this is the only or primary popular designation of the species, the osprey does not occur Osprey place names seem restricted to the rocky in Brazil as a breeding bird. Therefore, settlers either coast from the north of Lisbon south to the coast of failed recognising the bird as the same seen breeding western and southwestern Algarve. So far, no relat- at home or simply it was not acknowledged as no- ed coastal toponymy could be found further north ticeable, for the osprey remarkably conspicuous and along the coast but it seems likely that the species was persistent nest sites were lacking. once found breeding also in the low lying coastal ar- A second reason may have been the disuse of the eas of central and northwest Portugal. One example name by settlers due to the fact that from the begin- is the reported breeding of the species by the sandy ning of colonisation until the mid-18th Century the sea shores of the Leiria district in a centuries-old Língua Geral (General Language) spoken in colonial pinewood until the mid-20th century (Felgueiras, Brazil was the Tupi instead of the Portuguese, which 1919; see Palma, 2001). Also coming in support of only became current language following the ban of the assumption is the fact that the 16th century-old the Tupi in 1771 by the colonial authorities (Fernan- or older ninho de guincho proverb is considered a do Straube, pers. comm.). This may explain why the local expression of the Minho region in the north- Madeiran diaspora to Brazil since the 16th Century west (Figueiredo, 1913). This makes absolute sense linked with the sugar cane production (Santos, 1999) as it seems unlikely that the proverb could get into was not followed by the spread of the name guincho as the literature and theatre if coming from the much it seems to have happened in the Canaries and Cabo underdeveloped and less populated areas far to the Verde (see above). South at that time, with which cultural contact by the elites would certainly be at least rare. Furthermore, Ferreira (1616) and other early authors (Bluteau, Guincho as place name in Portugal and beyond 1713; Monteiro de Carvalho, 1765) describe the spe- cies as breeding both on rocks and in trees. Yet, apart Portugal southwest and south coasts from the coastal Leiria pinewoods, breeding in trees was known only from very few places in the South Along the Portuguese rocky coast there are at where the species predominantly ranged along high least 18 place names called guincho and as compound cliffy shores (Palma, 2001). Much later, Reis Júnior, or derived designations (see Palma, 2001). Among the a field naturalist from the north of Portugal who be- composite names we find Penedo do Guincho (Osprey came the curator of the Porto Zoological Museum Boulder), Praia do Guincho (Osprey Beach), Pedra do during the 1920-1930s (University of Porto, 2015), Guincho (Osprey Rock), Palheirão or Leixão do Guin- and who seemingly knew the species first hand, wrote cho (Osprey Sea Stack), and Ninho do Guincho (Os- that the osprey preferably breeds on sea stacks “almost prey Nest). One of the two extant “osprey beaches” is always a few meters above the water” (Reis Júnior, an internationally famous beach located north of Lis- 1934). Breeding a few meters above the water clearly bon, which most likely took its name from the nearby does not match the conditions found along the tall Guincho Velho (Old Osprey) with its rock pinnacles cliffs further south. Instead, the description points typical of coastal nest sites in the Mediterranean re- to the low stacks seen along parts of the coast north gion. The site also lent its root name to the nearby of the mouth of the Douro River. Evidently though, village Figueira do Guincho (Osprey Figtree) (Fig. 3). the species must have disappeared from the northern As names possibly derived from the former, we find low-lying coasts in the beginning of the 20th century e.g., Ponta da Guincheira suggesting a place frequently at the latest, and this, coupled with its presumable visited by ospreys. A few other place names referred in former rarity in the area, may explain the apparent literature (Nunes, 1926; Correia, 1964) such as Ala- absence of osprey place names. Yet, inland, at least goa do Guincho (Osprey Lagoon), Serra do Guincho one place name alludes to an osprey nest site, near the (Osprey Hills) and Guinchosos (likely meaning a place mouth of one of the Douro tributaries, the Varosa with ospreys) could not be exactly located. Still, both River, where a tall cliff by the shore is called Penedo do authors are peremptory in attributing the origin of the Guincho (Osprey Boulder, or Rock), as cited by Pin- names to the osprey. Ferreira (1917) also assumes the ho Leal (1882). A recent visit to the area confirmed toponym Aguincheira as a contraction of A Guincheira that the residents still apply that name to the cliff and meaning a place with abundance of guinchos, “a kind relate it to a bird species, presumably a raptor that of hawks” he explains. used to breed there in the past. Another boulder, the 124 Palma, L.: Widespread ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey FIGURE 3: Road sign indicating the small village of Figueira do Guincho, meaning Osprey Figtree, located north of Lisbon and close to an old osprey nest site called Guincho Velho at the sea shore below. A small stretch of the internationally famous Praia do Guincho is visible at the distance. Barroco do Guincho lies not far from the Coa River, Guiuncheiro in Lugo province and a small offshore also a Douro’s tributary. sea-stack called Guincheiro to the west-northwest of the island of Arousa (Pontevedra). Here one can also Galicia, Northwest Spain find the Punta do Aguiuncho, and in a map of the Xunta de Galicia the adjoining beach is called Praia do Because Galician and Portuguese languages Aguincho. Whereas there is the possibility that guin‑ stem from a common trunk (e.g., Areán-García, cho and similar place names on the coast of Galicia 2011; Monteagudo, 2012), one could expect that may simple refer to coastal points and promontories, places named guincho or likewise would also appear an alternative meaning for the word in Galician, the farther north on the coast of Galicia. The official most likely is that those place names indeed allude to online search engine of place names of the Galician former osprey nest sites like in coastal Portugal (Xosé- regional government (cf., Xunta de Galicia, 2010) re- Henrique Costas, pers. comm.). Still, both in Galicia trieves a few places along the coast named after guin‑ and Portugal, guincho place names appear also further cho or akin: O Guincho and A Barronca do Guincho at inland suggesting other relationships and so far unre- a cape in Pontevedra province; and A Guinchoeira at solved meanings. a cape of A Coruña province. At the latter shoreline, there is also O Aguiúncho and O Coidal do Aguiúncho Madeira and Porto Santo that might be related to the foregoing as “aguiúncho” seems to be a generic term used to designate a bird Along the maritime cliffs of the Madeira archi- of prey, and could have derived from the Latin aqui‑ pelago, there are at least 7 place names evoking the lunculu, meaning small eagle (Cabezas, 1992). Similar osprey, predominantly related to coastal sea stacks, coastal names not listed in the cited search engine are typically the kind of nest sites selected by the species