Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 4: Zoological Indicators Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research VOLUME 4 Tracking Environmental Change U sing Lake Sediments Volume 4: Zoological Indicators Edited by JohnP. Smol Department of Biology, Queen's University H. John B. Birks Botanical Institute, University of Bergen and William M. Last Department of Geological Sciences, University ofM anitoba KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-6034-1 ISBN 978-0-306-47671-6 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-0-306-47671-6 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Cover Photos: East Basin Lake, Victoria, Australia. Inset: Light micrograph of Tribelos (Diptera: Chironomidae) head capsule (from: Ian Walker). Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. DEDICATION Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Thomas M. Frost. CONTENTS Preface .................................................................... xi The Editors ............................................................... xii Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series ... xiii Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series ...................................................... xiv Contents of Volumes 1 to 4 .................................................. xv Safety Considerations and Caution ......................................... xviii List of Contributors ........................................................ xix 1. Zoological indicators in lake sediments: an introduction. John P. Smol, H. John B. Birks & William M. Last .............................. 1 References 2. Cladocera and other branchiopod crustaceans. A. Korhola & M. Rautio ........... 5 Introduction Cladocera Other crustacean branchiopods Summary Acknowledgements References 3. Midges: Chironomidae and related Diptera. I. R. Walker ....................... 43 Introduction Overview of life cycles and ecology Methods Indicator potential Future directions Summary Acknowledgments References 4. Coleoptera and Trichoptera. S. A. Elias ....................................... 67 Introduction Sampling of insect fossils Extraction of insect fossils from sediment Specimen identification Paleoenvironmental interpretation Paleotemperature reconstructions Summary References vii viii 5. Oribatid mites. T. Solh~y .................................................... 81 Introduction Brief history Outline of methods Indicator potential Summary Acknowledgements Appendixl References 6. Bryozoan statoblasts. D. R. Francis ......................................... 105 Introduction Methods Statoblasts in sedimentary records Indicator potential Conclusions and future directions Summary Acknowledgments References 7. Ostracoda. J. A. Holmes ................................................... 125 Introduction Biology and taxonomy Ecology Ecological, palaeoecological and geochemical techniques Future directions Summary Acknowledgements References 8. Freshwater molluscs. B. B. Miller & M. J. S. Tevesz .......................... 153 Introduction Field methods Laboratory methods Data interpretation Geochemical approaches Summary Acknowledgments References 9. Fish. W. P. Patterson & G. R. Smith ......................................... 173 Introduction Establishing the stratigraphic framework ix Geomorphology and paleohydrology Otoliths Summary References Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................... 189 Index ..................................................................... 209 xi PREFACE Paleolimnology is a rapidly developing science that is now being used to study a suite of environmental and ecological problems. This volume is the fourth handbook in the Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research book series. The first volume (Last & Smol, 200 I a) examined the acquisition and archiving of sediment cores, chronological techniques, and large-scale basin analysis methods. Volume 2 (Last & Smol, 200 Ib) focused on physical and chemical methods. Volume 3 (Smol et al., 2001), along with this book, summarize the many biological methods and techniques that are available to study long-term environmental change using information preserved in sedimentary profiles. A subsequent volume (Birks et aI., in preparation) will deal with statistical and data handling procedures. It is our intent that these books will provide sufficient detail and breadth to be useful handbooks for both seasoned practitioners as well as newcomers to the area of paleolimnology. These books will also hopefully be useful to non-paleolimnologists (e.g., limnologists, archeologists, palynologists, geographers, geologists, etc.) who continue to hear and read about paleo limnology, but have little chance to explore the vast and sometimes difficult to access journal-based reference material for this rapidly expanding field. Although the chapters in these volumes target mainly lacustrine settings, many of the techniques described can also be readily applied to fluvial, glacial, marine, estuarine, and peatland environments. This current volume focuses on zoological indicators preserved in lake sediments, whilst Volume 3 focused on terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators. The taxonomic divisions between these two books, however, are not exact, as some zoological indicators are dis cussed in Volume 3 (e.g., protozoa, rotifers, sponges) because these groups are typically studied using techniques often associated with palynologists or diatomists. Hence, it was more practical to cover these topics there. Many people have helped with the planning, development, and final production of this series. In addition to the hard work provided by the authors, this publication benefitted from the technical reviews furnished by our scientific colleagues, many of whom remain anonymous. Each chapter was typically examined by two external referees as well as the editors. In order to assure readability for the major target audience, we asked many of our graduate students to also examine selected chapters; their insight and questioning during the reviewing and editorial process are most gratefully acknowledged. The staff of the Environmental, Earth and Aquatic Sciences Division of Kluwer Academic Publishers are commended for their diligence in production of the final presentation. In particular, we would also like to thank Ad Plaizier, Anna Besse-Lototskaya (Publishing Editor, Aquatic Science Division), and Rene Mijs (former Publishing Editor, Biosciences Division) for their long-term support of this new series of monographs and their interest in paleoenvironmental research. John Glew (Queen's University, PEARL) designed our logo. Finally, we would like to thank our respective universities and colleagues for support and encouragement during this project. xii THE EDITORS John P. Smol is a professor in the Depamnent of Biology at Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario, Canada), with a cross-appointment at the School of Environmental Studies. He co-directs the Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL). Prof. Smol is co-editor of the Journal of Paleolimnology and holds the Canada Research Chair in Environmental Change. H. John B. Birks is Professor of Quantitative Ecology and Palaeoecology in the Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway, and ENSIS Professor of Quantitative Palaeoecol ogy, Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London. He is also an Adjunct Professor at PEARL, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. He is a member of the Board of Advisors for the Journal of Paleolimnology. William M. Last is a professor in the Depamnent of Geological Sciences at University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) and is co-editor of the Journal ofP aleolimnology.