The pollution of the earth's freshwater habitats is a topic of major concern. This timely synthesis considers the effects of pollutants on aquatic animals via a series of research and review articles which present experimental evidence of sublethal and lethal effects of a range of toxicants at the physiological, cellular and subcellular levels, and which explore new techniques for detection of pollution damage. Topics covered include routes of uptake of toxicants; the effects of acute and chronic exposure to toxic metal ions, particularly zinc, copper and aluminium, with emphasis on the mechanisms of toxicity and responses to chronic exposure to sublethal levels; the impact on fish biology of two chemicals of current concern, nitrites and poly aromatic hydrocarbons which may act as oestrogenic substances or potent mutagens; and in vitro studies of the mechanisms of toxicity at the cellular and subcellular level, including damage of DNA, using cultured fish cells. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMINAR SERIES: 57 TOXICOLOGY OF AQUATIC POLLUTION PHYSIOLOGICAL, CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY SEMINAR SERIES A series of multi-author volumes developed from seminars held by the Society for Experimental Biology. Each volume serves not only as an introductory review of a specific topic, but also introduces the reader to experimental evidence to support the theories and principles discussed, and points the way to new research. 6. Neurones without impulses: their significance 43. Plant growth: interactions with nutrition and for vertebrate and invertebrate systems. Edited environment. Edited by J.R. Porter and D.W. by A. Roberts and B.M.H. Bush Lawlor 8. Stomatal physiology. Edited by P.C.G. Jarvis 44. Feeding and texture of foods. Edited by and T.A. Mansfield J.F.V. Vincent and P.J. Lillford 16. Gills. Edited by D.F. Houlihan, J.C. Rankin 45. Endocytosis, exocytosis and vesicle traffic in and TJ. Shuttleworth plants. Edited by G.R. Hawes, J.O.D. Coleman 31. Plant canopies: their growth, form and func- and D.E. Evans tion. Edited by G. Russell, B. Marshall and 46. Calcium, oxygen radicals and cellular P.G. Jarvis damage. Edited by C.J. Duncan 33. Neurohormones in invertebrates. Edited by 47. Fruit and seed production: aspects of devel- M. Thorndyke and G. Goldsworthy opment, environmental physiology and ecology. 34. Acid toxicity and aquatic animals. Edited Edited by C. Marshall and J. Grace by R. Morris, E.W. Taylor, D.J.A. Brown and 48. Perspectives in plant cell recognition. Edited J.A. Brown by J.A. Callow and J.R. Green 35. Division and segregation of organelles. 49. Inducible plant proteins: their biochemistry Edited by S.A. Boffey and D. Lloyd and molecular biology. Edited by J.L. Wray 36. Biomechanics in evolution. Edited by 50. Plant organelles: compartmentation of J.M.V. Rayner and R.J. Wootton metabolism in photosynthetic cells. Edited by 37. Techniques in comparative respiratory A.K. Tobin physiology: An experimental approach. Edited 51. Oxygen transport in biological systems: by C.R. Bridges and P.J. Butler modelling of pathways from environment to cell. 38. Herbicides and plant metabolism. Edited by Edited by S. Eggington and H.F. Ross A.D. Dodge 52. New insights in vertebrate kidney function. 39. Plants under stress. Edited by H.C. Jones, Edited by J.A. Brown, R.J. Balment and J.C. TJ. Flowers and M.B. Jones Rankin 40. In situ hybridisation: application to develop- 53. Post-translational modifications in plants. mental biology and medicine. Edited by N. Edited by N.H. Battey, H.G. Dickinson and Harris and D.G. Wilkinson A.M. Hetherington 41. Physiological strategies for gas exchange and 54. Biomechanics and cells. Edited by F.J. Lyall metabolism. Edited by A. J. Woakes, M.K. Grie- and A.J. El Haj shaber and C.R. Bridges 55. Molecular and cellular aspects of plant 42. Compartmentation of plant metabolism in reproduction. Edited by R. Scott and A.D. Stead non-photosynthesis tissues. Edited by M.J. 56. Amino acids and their derivatives in plants. Ernes Edited by R.M. Wallsgrove TOXICOLOGY OF AQUATIC POLLUTION PHYSIOLOGICAL, CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES Edited by E.W. Taylor Department of Biological Sciences University of Birmingham CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521105774 © Cambridge University Press 1996 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1996 This digitally printed version 2009 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Toxicology of aquatic pollution: Physiological, cellular and molecular approaches/edited by E.W. Taylor p. cm. - (Society for experimental biology seminar series: 57) Includes index. ISBN (invalid) 0-521-45524-X (he) 1. Water - Pollution - Toxicology. 2. Aquatic organisms - Effect of water pollution on. 3. Fishes - Effect of water pollution on. I. Taylor, E.W. II. Series: Seminar series (Society for Experimental Biology (Great Britain)); 57. QH90.8.T68A66 1995 574.5'263 - dc20 95-16556 CIP ISBN 978-0-521-45524-4 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-10577-4 paperback Contents List of contributors ix Preface xi Water chemistry at the gill surfaces of fish and the uptake of 1 xenobiotics D.J. RANDALL, C.J. BRAUNER, R.V. THURSTON and J.F. NEUMAN Bioaccumulation of waterborne 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in 17 tissues of rainbow trout R.V. THURSTON, J.F. NEUMAN, C.J. BRAUNER and D.J. RANDALL Dietary exposure to toxic metals in fish 29 R.D. HANDY The physiology and toxicology of zinc in fish 61 C. HOGSTRAND and CM. WOOD Lethal and sub-lethal effects of copper upon fish: a role for 85 ammonia toxicity? E.W. TAYLOR, M.W. BEAUMONT, P.J. BUTLER, J. MAIR and M.S.I. MUJALLID The physiological status of brown trout exposed to aluminium 115 in acidic soft waters J.A. BROWN and C.P. WARING viii Contents Physiological and metabolic costs of acclimation to chronic 143 sub-lethal acid and aluminium exposure in rainbow trout R.W. WILSON Physiological effects of nitrite in teleosts and crustaceans 169 F.B. JENSEN Metallothioneins in fish: induction and use in environmental 187 monitoring P.-E. OLSSON Oestrogenic substances in the aquatic environment and their 205 potential impact on animals, particularly fish J.P. SUMPTER, S. JOBLING and C.R. TYLER Effect of genetic toxicants in aquatic organisms 225 J.W. NUNN, D.R. LIVINGSTONE and J.K. CHIPMAN In vitro toxicology of aquatic pollutants: use of cultured fish cells 253 S.G. GEORGE Principles governing the use of cytochrome P4501A1 measure- 267 ment as a pollution monitoring tool in the aquatic environment M.J. LEAVER Index 279 Contributors BEAUMONT, M.W. School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. BRAUNER, C.J. Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada. BROWN, J.A. Department of Biological Sciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. BUTLER, P.J. School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. CHIPMAN, J.K. School of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. GEORGE, S.G. School of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. HANDY, R.D. Department of Biological Sciences, The University, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK. HOGSTRAND, C. McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, On L8S 4L1, Canada. JENSEN, F.B. Institute of Biology, Odense University, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. JOBLING, S. Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunei University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK. LEAVER, M.J. NERC Unit of Aquatic Biochemistry, Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.