Toward Justice Designed as a text for Criminal Justice and Criminology capstone courses, Toward Justice encourages students to engage critically with conceptions of justice that go beyond the criminal justice system, in order to cultivate a more thorough under- standing of the system as it operates on the ground in an imperfect world—where people aren’t always rational actors, where individual cases are linked to larger so- cial problems, and where justice can sometimes slip through the cracks. Through a combined focus on content and professional development, Toward Justice helps students translate what they have learned in the classroom into active strategies for justice in their professional lives—preparing them for careers that will not sim- ply maintain the status quo and stability that exists within our justice system, but rather challenge the system to achieve justice. Dr. Kristi Holsinger is Professor and Chair of the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, where she has been on the faculty since 1999. She received her Masters and Doctoral degrees in Criminal Justice from the University of Cincinnati. Her primary research interests include policies and practices related to girls and women in correctional systems as well as innovations in teaching. Each fall, she teaches a mentoring course in collab- oration with the Jackson County Family Court, in which students mentor and develop programming for incarcerated girls. Dr. Holsinger’s book, Teaching Justice: Solving Social Justice Problems through University Education was published in 2012. She has more than 30 academic articles, and has delivered more than 50 conference presentations. She is an active member of the American Society of Criminology and its Division on Women and Crime, and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Dr. Lori Sexton is Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. She earned her Ph.D. in Criminology, Law and Society from the University of California, Irvine, and an M.A. in Criminology from the University of Pennsylvania. Her research focuses primarily on prisons and punishment, with a secondary focus on marginalized populations and inter- sectionality. She has worked on numerous studies of incarcerated populations, including two studies focusing specifically on transgender prisoners. Her work has been funded by the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Justice, and the Fletcher Jones Foundation. Findings from her research have informed criminal justice policy and practice through publication in peer-reviewed journals and books, inclusion in testimony to legislative bodies and for civil legal proceed- ings, and incorporation into trainings for criminal justice practitioners. There are so many aspects to admire and respect about Toward Justice, including the authors’ clear and engaging coverage of expansive topics, the untangling of seemingly simple concepts such as “justice,” the timeliness of such a book, and the remarkable included activities and exercises. But more than anything, I appreciate how Toward Justice provides students with hope, concrete strategies and potential solutions, and with some of the leadership, creativity, and responsibility necessary to advocate for social and legal justice. Joanne Belknap, Professor of Ethnic Studies, University of Colorado-Boulder Toward JusTice Broadening The sTudy of criminal JusTice Kristi Holsinger Lori Sexton First published 2017 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Taylor & Francis The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Holsinger, Kristi, author. | Sexton, Lori, author. Title: Toward Justice / Kristi Holsinger, Lori Sexton. Description: 1 Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2017. Identifiers: LCCN 2016037530 | ISBN 9781138184732 (hardback) | ISBN 113818473X (hardback) | ISBN 9781138184749 (pbk.) | ISBN 1138184748 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315644950 (ebook) | ISBN 1315644959 (ebook) | ISBN 9781317290568 (web pdf) | ISBN 1317290569 (web pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Criminal justice, Administration of. | Social justice. Classification: LCC HV7231 .H65 2017 | DDC 364—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016037530 ISBN: 978-1-138-18473-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-18474-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-64495-0 (ebk) Typeset in Warnock Pro by codeMantra This book is dedicated to all of the Capstone students who have changed the way we think—and teach—about justice. Without you, this book wouldn’t exist. This page intentionally left blank contents Journals Cooperation Sheet x Part I Understanding Justice 1 Chapter 1 Defining Justice 3 Selected Reading Universal Declaration of Human Rights 17 Selected Reading Student Conceptions of Justice 27 Chapter 2 Gaps in Justice 37 Selected Reading “It Was Basically College to Us”: Poverty, Prison, and Emerging Adulthood 52 Selected Reading Pretrial Detention and Guilty Pleas: If They Can’t Afford Bail They Must Be Guilty 65 Chapter 3 Justice, Privilege, and Identity 81 Selected Reading Where the Margins Meet: A Demographic Assessment of Transgender Inmates in Men’s Prisons 95 viii Contents Selected Reading A Feminist Analysis of the American Criminal Justice System’s Response to Human Trafficking 127 Part II Locating Justice in Criminal Justice 147 Chapter 4 Ideology in Criminal Justice 149 Selected Reading Worlds Apart: The Views on Crime and Punishment among White and Minority College Students 159 Selected Reading Perceived Criminal Threat from Undocumented Immigrants: Antecedents and Consequences for Policy Preferences 182 Chapter 5 Injustice in Criminal Justice 208 Selected Reading Women and Drug Use: The Case for a Justice Analysis 221 Selected Reading Race, Neighborhood Context, and Risk Prediction 226 Chapter 6 Linking Theory, Research, and Policy 247 Selected Reading Broken Windows or Window Breakers: The Influence of Physical and Social Disorder on Quality of Life 257 Selected Reading Build to Sustain: Collaborative Partnerships Between University Researchers and Criminal Justice Practitioners 277 Part III Creating Justice 295 Chapter 7 Writing and Speaking for Justice 297 Contents ix Selected Reading A Writing-Intensive Approach to Criminal Justice Education: The California Lutheran University Model 314 Chapter 8 Working in Criminal Justice 324 Selected Reading Women in Policing: Changing the Organizational Culture by Adopting a Feminist Perspective on Leadership 334 Selected Reading Exploring Academic Discourse on Criminal Justice Ethics: Where Are We? 363 Chapter 9 Translating Justice into Practice 387 Selected Reading The Ecology of Homelessness 400 Selected Reading Serious Youth Violence and Innovative Prevention: On the Emerging Link Between Public Health and Criminology 447 Index 471